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. 2022 Mar 26;21:48. doi: 10.1186/s12934-022-01773-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Impact of the dissolved oxygen level on the fermentation of sunflower seed milk by a co-culture of P. freudenreichii NCC 1177 and B. amyloliquefaciens NCC 156. Impact of oxygen supply on vitamin B₁₂ production (A), growth (B), vitamin B₁₂ production per cell (C), and the production of vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, B_6, and B₇ during fermentation (D). Prior to fermentation, the milk was processed by ultra-high temperature treatment. The different aeration regimes from low to high (shown from left to right) were created by incubation in non-baffled flasks at 80 rpm, baffled flasks at 80 rpm, non-baffled flasks at 130 rpm, baffled flasks at 130 rpm, non-baffled flasks at 180 rpm and baffled flasks at 180 rpm. The inoculum ratio between strains NCC 1177 and NCC 156 was 1000:1. Fermentation was carried out at 30 °C for 72 h, including an initial 48 h anaerobic phase, followed by a 24 h aerobic phase. n = 3