Table 2. Characteristics of repurposed drugs.

Repurposed drug	Original drug target	Original indication	Cancer target	Repurposed cancer indication
Novobiocin	DNA gyrase	bacterial infections	Polθ	ovarian cancer [28] breast cancer [142]
Itraconazole	lanosterol 14a-demethylase biosynthesis of sterols	fungal infections	mTOR Hedgehog VEGFR	ovarian cancer [24] pancreatic cancer [146] glioblastoma [141]
Mebendazole	tubulin	parasitic infections	tubulin	ovarian cancer [154] pancreatic cancer [147] breast cancer [149]
Chloroquine	heme detoxification	malaria	autophagy	ovarian cancer [26] bladder cancer [140] hepatocellular carcinoma [139]
Metformine	gluconeogenesis	type 2 diabetes	complex I	ovarian cancer [162] non-small cell lung cancer [137] colorectal cancer [145]
Licofelone	COX-2 5-LOX	osteoarthritis	OCT4 SOX2 NANOG ALDH1A CD133	ovarian cancer [25] melanoma [144] pancreatic cancer [143]
Omeprazole	V-ATPase	gastric acidity	V-ATPase	ovarian cancer [168] rectal cancer [148] gastric cancer [138]

Abbreviations: 5-LOX: 5-lipoxygenase; ALDH1A: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A1; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; Gli1: GLI Family Zinc Finger 1; NANOG: Nanog Homeobox; pERK: phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Polθ: DNA polymerase theta; pS6K1: phosphorylated S6 kinase; SOX2: SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2; VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; V-ATPase: vacuolar H+-ATPase.