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. 2022 Mar 26;19:27. doi: 10.1186/s12987-022-00317-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Summarized mechanisms of BBB regulatory miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in CNS disorders. MiRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs modulate the integrity of BBB through different mechanisms, including direct or indirect modulation of tight junction proteins, adherens junction proteins, MMPs, water channel-related proteins, angiogenesis-related proteins, inflammation-related factors, apoptosis-related molecules, oxidative stress-related factors, autophagy-related proteins, and others, in endothelial cells, pericytes, or astrocytes of the CNS. LncRNAs and circRNAs primarily act as microRNA “sponges” or competing endogenous RNAs to regulate BBB damage and recovery in CNS diseases