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. 2022 Mar 9;13:820002. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.820002

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Copyright © 2022 Li, Cheng, Adhikari, Wang, Yang, Liu, Sun and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanism of the apelin–APJ system in diabetes and its complications. Apelin activates its receptor (APJ) and triggers various signaling pathways that have a protective effect on different organs from metabolic diseases. AMPK, AMP-mediated protein kinase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ERK1/2, extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2; FFA, free fatty acid; Foxo3a, forkhead box protein O 3a; HSL, hormone sensitive lipase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SIRT3, sirtuin 3.