TABLE 3.
Proportion of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from houseflies sampled from regions, screening methods and sampling locations
| Number of studies | Pooled estimate | Measure of heterogeneity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | Positives | Q | I 2 (95% CI) | Significance level Q‐p | ||
| Bacterial species | ||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | 44 | 20,455 | 561 | 2,439.1220 | 98.24 (97.99–98.45) | <0.0001 |
| Region | ||||||
| Africa | 11 | 13,581 | 56 | 230.0741 | 95.65 (93.77–96.97) | <0.0001 |
| Asia | 22 | 196 | 505 | 1,414.2219 | 98.52 (98.23–98.76) | <0.0001 |
| Sampling locations | ||||||
| Dumping sites | 3 | 9,906 | 7 | 33.2093 | 93.98 (85.80–97.47) | <0.0001 |
| Farms | 18 | 1705 | 132 | 777.4544 | 97.81 (97.27–98.25) | <0.0001 |
| Hospitals | 13 | 634 | 31 | 79.6692 | 84.94 (75.80–90.62) | <0.0001 |
| Market | 4 | 393 | 4 | 17.0149 | 82.53 (54.61–93.15) | =0.0007 |
| No specific location | 3 | 509 | 12 | 38.1214 | 94.75 (88.02–97.70) | <0.0001 |
| Restaurant | 6 | 493 | 37 | 518.4722 | 96.91 (96.01–97.61) | <0.0001 |
| Slaughterhouse (abattoir) | 7 | 253 | 3 | 13.5396 | 55.69 (00.00–80.97) | =0.0352 |
| University campus/residential houses | 7 | 426 | 44 | 42.3304 | 85.83 (72.83–92.61) | <0.0001 |
| Wastewater/broken sewage | 2 | 388 | 6 | 22.6646 | 95.59 (87.18–98.48) | <0.0001 |
| Diagnostic technique | ||||||
| Culture | 25 | 319 | 447 | 1,603.7790 | 98.50 (98.23–98.73) | <0.0001 |
| Culture & PCR | 17 | 11,587 | 114 | 518.4722 | 96.91 (96.01–97.61) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; I 2, inverse variance; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; Q‐p, Cochran's.