Table 2.

Summary of outcomes from studies investigating the impact of PFAS on human male reproductive function.

Assessed outcome	Serum PFAS assessed	Timing of PFAS exposure	Outcome	References
Prevalence of testicular cancer
	PFOA PFHxS	Adulthood	Increased	Frisbee et al. (43) Barry et al. (44) Kirk et al. (1) Vieira et al. (45) Bartell and Vieira (47)
	PFHxS	In utero	Increased	Lin et al. (46)
Sperm morphology
	PFOS, PFHxS PFOA + PFOS PFOSA	Adulthood	Decrease in percentage of normal spermatozoa	Toft et al. (35) Joensen et al. (129) Louis et al. (49)
	PFOA, PFOS	In utero	No change	Vested et al. (130)
	Multiple PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS	Adulthood	No change	Joensen et al. (131) Petersen et al. (132)
Sperm count and concentration
	PFOA	In utero	Decrease in sperm count and concentration	Vested et al. (130)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS	Adulthood	No change	Toft et al. (35) Joensen et al. (131) Petersen et al. (132) Raymer et al. (133)
	PFOS	In utero	No change	Vested et al. (130)
Sperm DNA quality
	Multiple	Adulthood	Increased sperm DNA damage	Governini et al. (134)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS PFHxA	Adulthood	No change in DNA integrity	Specht et al. (135) Emerce and Cetin (136)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS	Adulthood	No change in DNA methylation	Leter et al. (137)
Semen volume
	PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS	Adulthood	No change	Toft et al. (35) Joensen et al. (131) Joensen et al. (129) Vested et al. (130) Petersen et al. (132) Raymer et al. (133)
Sperm motility
	PFOA	Adulthood	Increase	Toft et al. (35)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFHS	Adulthood	Decrease	Song et al. (78)
	Multiple PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS	Adulthood	No change	Joensen et al. (131) Joensen et al. (129) Petersen et al. (132) Raymer et al. (133)
	PFOA, PFOS	In utero	No change	Vested et al. (130)
Serum levels of testosterone
	PFHxS	In utero	Increase	Nian et al. (138)
	PFOS	Adulthood	Decrease	Joensen et al. (131)
	PFOA, PFOS, PFNA	Adulthood	Decrease	Cui et al. (139)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA	Adulthood	No change	Joensen et al. (129) Petersen et al. (132) Raymer et al. (133)
	PFOS, PFOA	In utero	No change	Vested et al. (130)
Serum levels of sex hormone binding globulin
	PFOA	Adulthood	Increase	Petersen et al. (132)
	PFOA, PFOS, PFNA	Adulthood	Decrease	Cui et al. (139)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA	Adulthood	No change	Joensen et al. (129) Joensen et al. (131) Petersen et al. (132)
	PFOS, PFOA	In utero	No change	Vested et al. (130)
Serum levels of luteinizing hormone
	PFOA, PFOS	Adulthood	Increase	Petersen et al. (132) Raymer et al. (133)
	PFOA	In utero	Increase	Vested et al. (130)
	PFBS, PFHpA	In utero	Decrease	Nian et al. (138)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS	Adulthood	No change	Joensen et al. (129) Cui et al. (139)
	PFOS	In utero	No change	Vested et al. (130)
Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone
	PFOA	In utero	Increase	Vested et al. (130)
	PFBS	In utero	Decrease	Nian et al. (138)
	PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA	Adulthood	No change	Joensen et al. (129) Petersen et al. (132) Raymer et al. (133)
	PFOS	In utero	No change	Vested et al. (130)