Developed optical biosensors for detection of endotoxina.
| Bacterium | Technique | Method | Sample | NPs | Linear range | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli | Grating-coupled SPR | Label-free | Clinical | Metallic | 570–730 nm | 32.5 ng mL−1 | 85 |
| E. coli | UV-Vis spectrophotometry | Colorimetric/immunosensor | Clinical | Nickel | 0.07 mg mL−1 | 50 mg L−1 | 100 |
| S. typhosa, K. pneumonia, E. coli, P. aeruginosa | Fluorescence | Fluorescent/immunosensor | Clinical | CTPY-AIE | 0.1–1 μM | 6.97 nM | 101 |
| Gram-negative bacterium | ChA, SWV, EIS | Labeled genosensor | Food | Gold | 2.5–1000 pg mL−1 | 1 pg mL−1 | 102 |
| E. coli | Fluorescence emission spectra, AIE | Labeled – fluorescence | Culture media | Inorganic nanoparticles | 2.6 × 108 M | 2.6 × 108 M | 107 |
| E. coli | Fluorescence emission spectra, Raman scattering | Labeled – fluorescence | Clinical | GO | 0 to 20 nM | 130 pM | 115 |
| Serratia marcescens | UV-visible spectra | Fluorescence labels-immunosensor | Culture media | QDs | 1 × 10 to 1 × 106 CFU mL−1 | 10–9 ng mL−1 | 116 |
| E. coli | UV-Vis absorption spectra | Fluorescence labels/immunosensor | Clinical | Ru@SiO2 | 1.0–500 ng mL−1 | 0.3 ng mL−1 | 24 |
| E. coli | Cell-based fluorescent | Fluorescence labels/immunosensor | Serum | — | 5–200 μg mL−1 | 0.075 μg mL−1 | 135 |
| E. coli | EIS, CVs | — | — | — | 0.001–1 ng mL | 1 pg mL−1 | 118 |
| E. coli | Fluorescent | Aptamer-based impedance | Serum | — | 0.01 to 100 ng mL−1 | 1 ng mL−1 | 119 |
| E. coli | Fluorescent | Genosensor/labeled | Serum | Streptavidin | 1–105 ng mL−1 | 1.73 ng mL−1 | 136 |
| S. typhimurium and Staphylococcus | Fluorescent | Waveguide-based optical biosensor | Clinical samples | Streptavidin–biotin | — | 4 ng mL−1 | 137 |
| S. typhimurium | Fluorescent, wave guide | Waveguide-based optical biosensor | Serum | — | 3.13 μg mL−1 to 200 μg mL−1 | 6.25 μg mL−1 | 125 |
| P. aeruginosa | SERS | SERS spectra | Biological | AgNPs | 0.10–10.0 μmol L−1 | 6.125 ng mL−1 | 130 |
| E. coli O55:B5 | SERS | Raman and SERS spectra | Biological | AuNPs | 0.1–10 μg mL−1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 ng mL−1 | 131 |
| E. coli | FRET | Fluorescence labels/immunosensor | Clinical | — | 4.91 × 108 CFU mL−1 | 40.0 μM | 134 |
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Abbreviation: (GFLC): gold nanoparticles/ferrocene/liposome cluster, (GE): graphite electrode, (SAW): surface acoustic wave resonator, (EIS): electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (HCR-HRP): streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase modified hybridization chain reaction, (SPCE): screen-printed carbon electrodes, (NTA): nitrilotriacetic acid complex, (AIE) aggregation induced emission, (CTPY): 1-(4-carboxylbenzene)-1,2,2-triphenyl, (SCE): saturated calomel electrode, (QDs): CdTe quantum dots, (Ac-ChLM): N-3-hydroxytetradecanoil chitosan, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).