Advantages and disadvantages of different nanomaterial-based biosensors.

Nanomaterial	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
CNTs	Extremely small and lightweight, plentiful resources, resistant to temperature changes, ability to cross cellular membranes and barriers, high chemical and mechanical stability, strong C–H bonds	Expensive nanotube production process, low yield, low hydrogen storage capacity, purification problems	158 and 159
GO	Water dispersibility, polar functionalization, easy workability, low-cost	Lower electrical and thermal conductibility	145, 160 and 161
rGO	High electrical and thermal conductibility, good control on functionalization, economical and facile technique	Hydrophobicity, difficult workability, and production methodology are important in their properties	88 and 89
MNPs	Large surface-to-volume ratio, low cytotoxicity to biomass cell, ease of synthesis, capacity to bind several targeted compounds	High cost of synthesis processes and materials, mobility dependent on environment compatibilities	162 and 163