Table 3.

CMR sequences and their utility in the assessment of cardiac chambers anatomy, left ventricular diastole, and myocardial tissue in patients with HFpEF.

	CMR sequences	Applications
Morphological assessment	bSSFP	Accurately measuring LV volumes, wall thickness, mass and LVEF, without geometric assumptions
	bSSFP	Accurately measuring RV volumes, wall thickness and RVEF, without geometric assumptions
	bSSFP	Accurately measuring LA volumes and LAEF, without geometric assumptions
Functional diastolic evaluation	bSSFP	Measuring LV volume-time curve, peak filling rate, time to peak filling
	Phase-contrast, 4D-flow	Measuring mitral diastolic flow, pulmonary vein flow
	Myocardial tagging	Measuring LV recoil rate and circumferential-longitudinal shear
	bSSFP, feature tracking in post-processing	Measuring LV diastolic longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain and strain rate
	Tissue phase-contrast	Measuring early diastolic mitral septal velocity
	CMR elastography	Measuring LV stiffness
Tissue characterization	LGE	Detecting necrotic myocardium, fibrosis
	T1 mapping (e.g., MOLLI, shMOLLI, SASHA)	Altered in fibrosis, myocardial edema, iron overload, intracellular deposition
	T2 mapping	Detecting myocardial edema
	ECV mapping	Detecting fibrosis, extracellular matrix alterations (e.g., amyloid deposition)