Table 2:
Various animal models and cell lines along with their advantages and disadvantages
| Model | Cell Line | Immunosuppression | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamster | Greene | Not required | Histologic similarity to human UM; naturally occurring | Cutaneous in origin; hemorrhagic necrosis; poor suitability to study metastases | (16,17,63,77,78) |
| Bomirski | Not required | Spontaneously occurring; reliable formation of metastases | Cutaneous in origin; no hepatic metastases; limited availability | (18–20) | |
| Murine | B16-LS9 | Not required | Widespread availability; histologic similarity to human UM; diffuse metastases to the liver and other organs | Cutaneous in origin | (28,41–51,71,72,79–81) |
| B16-F10 | Not required | Reliable primary tumor formation; rapidly growing; NK-sensitive; imaging conducted in literature | Variable visceral metastases with AC inoculation; no metastases with suprachoroidal | (21–24,27–30,76) | |
| B16-F10 Queens | Not required | Higher tumor formation rate than B16F10; pulmonary metastases | Variable extra-pulmonary metastases | (23,25–27,40) | |
| HCmel12 | Not required | VM pattern of human UM; pulmonary and regional lymph node metastases | Cutaneous in origin; literature limited | (70,73,82) | |
| Human | Required | Tumors similar in genetic background; reliable production of hepatic metastases; high tumor engraftment rate | Validation of origin; genetic instability in vitro; high cost | (9,31,32,83–91) | |
| Rabbit | Greene | Not required | Rapid tumor growth | No metastases with AC inoculation; hemorrhagic necrosis; poor suitability to study metastases | (33–35,52,64,65,92) |
| B16-F10 | Required | Reliable primary tumor formation; rapidly growing; pulmonary metastases | Variable extra-pulmonary metastases | (36,37,66–68,93) | |
| Human | Required | Highly aggressive choroidal melanoma formation; pulmonary metastases in PC approaches | No metastases with AC inoculation; variable hepatic metastases with PC techniques | (38,39,53–60,69) | |
| Rat | Human | Required, but nude athymic rat used | Tumor behavior like human UM, athymic rat has no immune system; high tumor formation with spheroids; imaging feasible | Not widely used; no report of metastasis formation | (61,62) |
UM, uveal melanoma; PC, posterior compartment; VM, vasculogenic mimicry.