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. 2022 Mar 25;11(1):2057892. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2022.2057892

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — CIRT-induced immunogenic cell death in vitro. Human osteosarcoma U2OS cells were irradiated by X-ray and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT), and biomarkers of immunogenic cell death were evaluated at 6 h and 24 h after irradiation. Mitoxantrone (MTX, 1 µM) was used as a prototype immunogenic cell death inducer Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot assays showed that CIRT induced CALR exposure and elevated the phosphorylation level of eIF2α, enhanced ATP release by quinacrine staining and ELISA, augmented HMGB1 exodus from the nucleus, and significantly up-regulated the expression of type I interferon at the mRNA level. Representative images and quantification are shown (mean ± SD of triplicate assessments, Student’s t test, **p < .01, ***p < .001).