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. 2022 Mar 25;14(1):2055944. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2055944

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Effects of Live Microbial Therapeutics (LMT) on the Gut Resistome. When LMTs are administered, they can have a variety of consequences on gut commensals. Left to right; LMTs can directly reduce the overall number of ARG-carrying bacteria. However, this may depend on whether the LMTs are able to colonize the gut of the host. Colonization resistance to LMT may limit their effect on ARG-carrying bacteria. Second, LMTs containing ARGs can transfer antibiotic resistance to endogenous microbes. For example, many LMTs utilize lactic acid bacteria, which are known to be antibiotic-resistant, and are able to undergo horizontal gene transfer with commensal species. Finally, LMTs may indirectly promote expansion of the resistome, by supporting the bloom of ARG-carrying bacteria in the antibiotic-perturbed gut.