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. 2022 Mar 9;9:783543. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.783543

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Copyright © 2022 Dayawansa, Baratchi and Peter.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Myofibroblastic and osteoblastic differentiation of aortic valvular interstitial cells (VICs) in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Under the influence of circulating and local chemical stimuli, pluripotent valvular interstitial cells differentiate into myofibroblastic and osteoblastic phenotypes, which are the major cellular effectors of valve leaflet remodelling and calcification (TGFβ1, transforming growth factor beta-1; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; OPN, osteopontin; TLR, toll-like receptor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; End-MT, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor-2; αSMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β, interleukin 1-beta; MMP, matrix metalloprotein; ECM, extracellular matrix).