Table 2.

Active ingredients in natural plants regulate the interplay between GM and BAs in the treatment of NAFLD.

Active ingredients in Plants		Dosage and administration	Model	Main Effects on NAFLD	Main Effects on Gut Microbiota	Main Effects on Bile Acids	Reference
Polysaccharide	Guar Gum and Pectin	24%, 70% Pectin in diet for 3 weeks	HFD-diet Wistar Rat	liver weight ↓ hepatic TC ↓, TG ↓ serum TC ↓, TG↓	an unclassified family in RF32 ↓ Oscillospira, Ruminococcaceae ↑	DCA, HDCA ↓ CA, CDCA, UDCA,α-, β-,ω-MCA ↑	(Ghaffarzadegan et al., 2016)
	Grifola frondosa polysaccharides	400 mg/kg/day by gavage for 8 weeks	HFD-diet Wistar Rat	body weight ↓ hepatic TG ↓, TC ↓, FFA ↓, AST ↓, ALT ↓ hepatic steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes↓ serum TC ↓, TG ↓, LDL-C ↓, FFA↓ serum ALT ↓, AST↓	Helicobater, Intestinimonas, Barnesiella, Defluviitalea, Ruminococcus, Flavonifractor, Paraprevotella ↑ Clostridium-XVIII, Butyricicoccus, Turicibacter ↓	1. fecal BAs ↑	(Li et al., 2019)
	Microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa	150, 300 mg/kg/day by gavage for 8 weeks	HFD-diet Wistar Rat	hepatic TG ↓, TC↓ hepatic steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes ↓ serum TC ↓, TG ↓, LDL-C ↓, HDL-C ↑	1.Lactobacilli ↑	1.fecal BAs ↑	(Wan et al., 2020)
Oligosaccharides	Citrus Pectin Oligosaccharides	0.15, 0.45, 0.9 g/kg/day by gavage for 8 weeks	HF-diet C57BL/6J male mice	hepatic TG ↓, TC↓ serum TC ↓, TG ↓, LDL-C↓	1.Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides ↑	1.fecal bile acid ↑	(Hu et al., 2019)
Polyphenols	Theabrownin	225 mg/kg/day by gavage for 30 days	HFD-diet C57BL/6J male mice	body weight ↓ hepatic TG ↓, TC ↓ serum TC ↓, TG	1.Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus ↓	TCDCA,CDCA↑ CA↓	(Huang et al., 2019)
	EGCG	0.632 ± 0.02 mg/mouse/day in diet for 8 weeks	HFD-diet C57BL/6J male mice	body weight ↓, liver weight ↓ hepatic TG ↓ hepatic steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes ↓	1.Akkermansia, Parabacteroides ↓	CA↓ TCA ↑	(Naito et al., 2020)
	Dicaffeoylquinic Acids	3.3, 10 mg/mouse/day by gavage for 8 weeks	HFD-diet C57BL/6J male mice	body weight, liver weight ↓ hepatic TG ↓ serum TC ↓, TG ↓, LDL-C ↓, HDL-C ↑	1.Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia ↑	induced functional differences of microbial communities consisted primary bile acid biosynthesis and secondary bile acid biosynthesis	(Xie et al., 2019)
	Pure total flavonoids from citrus	50 mg/kg/day by gavage for 12 weeks	HFD-diet C57BL/6J male mice	hepatic steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes ↓ serum TC ↓, TG↓ serum ALT ↓, AST↓	1.Bacteroidaceae, Christensenellaceae ↑	TDCA, DCA, TCA, CA ↓ the ratio of secondary to primary bile acids ↑	(He et al., 2021)
Polyketides	Monascus yellow, red and orange pigments	20 mg/kg/day by gavage for 8 weeks	HFD-diet Wister Rat	hepatic steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes ↓ hepatic TC ↓, TG ↓, FFA ↓ hepatic ALT ↓, AST ↓ serum TC ↓, TG ↓, LDL-C ↓, HDL-C ↑ serum ALT ↓, AST ↓	1. Oscillibacter sp., Ruminococcus albus, Clostridium sp ↑	1.fecal BAs ↑	(Zhou et al., 2019b)
Alkaloids	Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids	140 mg/kg/day by gavage for 35 days	HFHC-diet C57BL/6J male mice	body weight ↓ hepatic TG ↓ hepatic steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes ↓	Escherichia coli, Desulfovibrio C21_c20, Parabacteroides distasonis ↓ Sporobacter termitidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Akkermansia muciniphila ↑	1.serum total BAs↓	(He et al., 2016)
Triterpenoids	2α-OH-Protopanoxadiol	200 mg/kg/day by gavage for 32 days	HFD-diet C57BL/6J male mice	body weight ↓, liver weight ↓ hepatic TG ↓ hepatic steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes ↓ serum TG ↓, TC ↓ Plasma glucose ↓, insulin ↓	1.Brucella, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroidetes↓	1.intestinal Tα/βMCA↑	(Xie et al., 2020)