FIGURE 8.

Macrophage-derived EVs induce ROS production in smooth muscle cells. MOVAS-1 cells were incubated with 10 µM DCFH-DA in D-PBS at 37°C for 30 min and then treated with macrophage-derived EVs for 24 h. ROS production was determined by measuring fluorescence (λEx 492 nm, λEm 535 nm). ROS production by untreated control cells (CT) was defined as 100%. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of four independent experiments performed in triplicate (n = 4). *p < 0.05 vs. CT, Mann-Whitney test. EV-CT: EV-derived from untreated macrophages, EV-LPS: EV-derived from LPS-EK-treated macrophages.