Table 2.
Children's neurocognitive function at 6 years old depending on the type of feeding during infancy1.
| SF (n = 37) | EF (n = 39) | BF (n = 32) | p 2 | p adj | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaufman brief intelligence test (K-BIT) | |||||
| Vocabulary (typical score) | 107.91 ± 13.44a,b | 113.16 ± 13.31a | 103.73 ± 14.26b | 0.177 | 0.022 |
| Matrices (typical score) | 111.51 ± 12.07 | 113.21 ± 12.00 | 111.78 ± 11.07 | 0.798 | 0.113 |
| IQ (typical score) | 109.64 ± 11.67a,b | 113.46 ± 11.50a | 105.54 ± 12.40b | 0.302 | 0.031 |
| Oral language test of Navarra-Revised (PLON-R) | |||||
| Form (typical score) | 46.92 ± 17.30 | 47.46 ± 14.89 | 49.84 ± 12.61 | 0.702 | 0.991 |
| Content (typical score) | 54.95 ± 24.65 | 55.38 ± 15.23 | 60.34 ± 19.87 | 0.468 | 0.886 |
| Use (typical score) | 52.65 ± 23.01 | 53.95 ± 21.38 | 61.00 ± 16.38 | 0.207 | 0.896 |
| Total score PLON-R (typical score) | 55.78 ± 27.34 | 55.31 ± 20.33 | 63.34 ± 19.42 | 0.201 | 0.889 |
| Computerized battery for neuropsychological evaluation of children (BENCI) | |||||
| Verbal comprehension (successes) | 10.65 ± 2.06 | 11.16 ± 1.55 | 11.26 ± 1.86 | 0.327 | 0.237 |
| Continuous performance (successes) | 53.92 ± 4.72 | 51.17 ± 10.00 | 50.06 ± 8.51 | 0.055 | 0.115 |
| Continuous performance (errors of commission) | 8.14 ± 7.87a | 9.44 ± 12.02a | 18.35 ± 17.43b | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Semantic fluency (successes) | 7.65 ± 2.70 | 7.39 ± 2.11 | 8.06 ± 2.39 | 0.518 | 0.927 |
| Working memory (successes) | 4.00 ± 1.43 | 4.05 ± 1.39 | 4.00 ± 1.55 | 0.984 | 0.256 |
| Verbal short-term memory (successes) | 4.39 ± 1.10a,b | 4.19 ± 0.95a | 4.89 ± 0.73b | 0.010 | 0.238 |
| Verbal long-term memory (successes) | 4.41 ± 1.76 | 3.95 ± 2.10 | 4.68 ± 1.58 | 0.251 | 0.263 |
| Verbal long-term memory (recognition successes) | 10.57 ± 1.88 | 10.97 ± 2.02 | 11.13 ± 1.12 | 0.387 | 0.525 |
| Reaction time (ms) | 542.92 ± 54.25 | 557.55 ± 64.87 | 553.42 ± 151.25 | 0.569 | 0.828 |
| Go/no-Go task (successes) | 46.57 ± 4.50 | 48.28 ± 6.80 | 48.13 ± 5.73 | 0.308 | 0.335 |
| Go/no-Go task (errors of commission) | 3.24 ± 2.50 | 3.03 ± 2.45 | 3.94 ± 2.32 | 0.283 | 0.071 |
1
Data are presented as means ± SD.
2
P-values for differences between COGNIS-groups. ANOVA test for normally distributed variables.
Padj are univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted by maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, familiar socioeconomic status and sex of the children. Values not sharing the same suffix (a,b) were significantly different in the Bonferroni post-hoc test. P < 0.05 are highlighted in bold.
SF, Standard infant formula; EF, Experimental infant formula; BF, Breastfed infants; ms, milliseconds.