Table 1.
The incidence of infective endocarditis in 1990/2019 and temporal trends.
| Characteristics | 1990 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident cases No × 103 (95% CI) | ASIR/105 No. (95% CI) | Incident cases No × 103 (95% CI) | ASIR/105 No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 478.00 (393.39~572.42) | 9.91 (8.24~11.84) | 1,090.53 (913.50~1,296.29) | 13.80 (11.59~16.34) | 1.2 (1.16~1.24) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 260.80 (215.67~310.47) | 11.04 (9.28~13.11) | 610.10 (514.07~719.32) | 16.20 (13.75~18.918) | 1.4 (1.36~1.45) |
| Female | 217.20 (178.42~262.26) | 8.84 (7.31~10.63) | 480.43 (401.56~575.14) | 11.62 (9.67~13.83) | 0.96 (0.93~1) |
| Socio-demographic factor | |||||
| High SDI | 100.54 (83.61~121.96) | 11.01 (9.14~13.37) | 251.57 (215.00~296.06) | 15.85 (13.56~18.53) | 1.25 (1.09~1.41) |
| High-middle SDI | 124.76 (102.74~150.52) | 11.34 (9.44~13.59) | 283.71 (235.85~341.81) | 15.86 (13.24~18.93) | 1.26 (1.21~1.31) |
| Middle SDI | 159.20 (130.20~191.00) | 10.50 (8.75~12.50) | 314.02 (260.10~379.41) | 13.22 (11.01~15.77) | 0.99 (0.89~1.09) |
| Low-middle SDI | 62.64 (50.33~76.48) | 6.47 (5.31~7.78) | 144.05 (117.96~174.20) | 9.33 (7.79~11.16) | 1.31 (1.19~1.43) |
| Low SDI | 30.59 (24.43~38.07) | 6.29 (5.23~7.50) | 72.75 (58.02~89.54) | 7.39 (6.13~8.809) | 0.81 (0.65~0.97) |
| Region | |||||
| East Asia | 157.04 (128.24~188.45) | 13.93 (11.51~16.57) | 268.46 (218.13~336.02) | 14.94 (12.35~18.11) | 0.25 (0.13~0.36) |
| Southeast Asia | 33.53 (27.93~39.87) | 9.60 (8.20~11.17) | 80.20 (67.56~93.77) | 12.84 (10.96~14.86) | 0.96 (0.91~1.01) |
| Oceania | 0.47 (0.38~0.56) | 9.80 (8.32~11.39) | 1.17 (0.99~1.36) | 11.86 (10.27~13.62) | 0.72 (0.68~0.75) |
| Central Asia | 3.12 (2.43~3.91) | 5.19 (4.11~6.47) | 5.42 (4.26~6.79) | 6.35 (5.12~7.83) | 0.76 (0.71~0.81) |
| Central Europe | 10.81 (8.78~13.36) | 8.15 (6.60~10.05) | 21.03 (17.44~25.38) | 12.28 (10.21~14.68) | 1.63 (1.52~1.74) |
| Eastern Europe | 21.13 (17.16~26.03) | 8.49 (6.91~10.37) | 41.87 (34.67~50.42) | 15.456 (12.88~18.32) | 2.71 (2.51~2.92) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 18.73 (15.26~23.10) | 10.22 (8.39~12.44) | 43.46 (36.12~52.58) | 12.54 (10.35~15.15) | 0.6 (0.45~0.74) |
| Australasia | 2.50 (2.06~3.01) | 11.24 (9.32~13.52) | 7.17 (5.98~8.49) | 16.46 (13.78~19.51) | 1.38 (1.24~1.51) |
| Western Europe | 53.68 (44.46~65.37) | 11.29 (9.30~13.75) | 136.27 (115.90~159.92) | 18.06 (15.32~21.34) | 1.72 (1.6~1.84) |
| Southern Latin America | 4.52 (3.83~5.29) | 9.83 (8.41~11.43) | 16.03 (13.78~18.55) | 20.55 (17.67~23.68) | 2.62 (2.5~2.75) |
| High-income North America | 31.03 (25.65~37.69) | 10.11 (8.32~12.27) | 77.03 (66.36~89.25) | 14.31 (12.38~16.50) | 1.11 (0.85~1.38) |
| Caribbean | 3.48 (2.93~4.10) | 11.14 (9.42~13.09) | 9.21 (7.88~10.69) | 18.72 (16.06~21.74) | 1.8 (1.65~1.95) |
| Andean Latin America | 2.51 (2.11~2.96) | 8.79 (7.43~10.39) | 8.01 (6.65~9.53) | 13.58 (11.31~16.12) | 1.46 (1.37~1.55) |
| Central Latin America | 10.79 (8.63~13.30) | 8.48 (6.97~10.39) | 40.49 (33.49~49.46) | 16.93 (14.03~20.44) | 2.22 (2.03~2.41) |
| Tropical Latin America | 10.37 (8.45~12.52) | 8.42 (7.04~10.04) | 57.44 (46.78~70.21) | 24.25 (19.88~29.56) | 3.25 (3.13~3.38) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 33.37 (27.16~40.60) | 11.47 (9.62~13.59) | 81.53 (67.01~97.90) | 15.35 (12.89~18.20) | 0.96 (0.92~1) |
| South Asia | 44.70 (34.84~56.22) | 5.02 (4.07~6.12) | 115.83 (92.25~142.61) | 7.11 (5.79~8.64) | 1.25 (1.12~1.38) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 2.85 (2.28~3.60) | 6.135 (5.15~7.26) | 7.36 (5.78~9.16) | 6.89 (5.75~8.20) | 0.4 (0.29~0.51) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 9.80 (7.90~12.20) | 6.33 (5.32~7.48) | 22.59 (17.68~28.26) | 6.77 (5.59~8.06) | 0.18 (0.06~0.3) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 3.49 (2.80~4.24) | 7.83 (6.52~9.28) | 5.69 (4.59~6.91) | 8.09 (6.65~9.70) | −0.12 (−0.22~-0.02) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 20.07 (15.87~25.04) | 9.25 (7.71~10.95) | 44.28 (35.15~55.81) | 9.24 (7.68~11.04) | −0.11 (−0.16~-0.05) |
ASIR, age-standardized incident rate per 100,000 population; SDI, social-demographic index; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.