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. 2022 Mar 9;9:774224. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.774224

Table 1.

The incidence of infective endocarditis in 1990/2019 and temporal trends.

Characteristics 1990 2019 1990–2019
Incident cases No × 103 (95% CI) ASIR/105 No. (95% CI) Incident cases No × 103 (95% CI) ASIR/105 No. (95% CI) EAPC No. (95% CI)
Overall 478.00 (393.39~572.42) 9.91 (8.24~11.84) 1,090.53 (913.50~1,296.29) 13.80 (11.59~16.34) 1.2 (1.16~1.24)
Sex
Male 260.80 (215.67~310.47) 11.04 (9.28~13.11) 610.10 (514.07~719.32) 16.20 (13.75~18.918) 1.4 (1.36~1.45)
Female 217.20 (178.42~262.26) 8.84 (7.31~10.63) 480.43 (401.56~575.14) 11.62 (9.67~13.83) 0.96 (0.93~1)
Socio-demographic factor
High SDI 100.54 (83.61~121.96) 11.01 (9.14~13.37) 251.57 (215.00~296.06) 15.85 (13.56~18.53) 1.25 (1.09~1.41)
High-middle SDI 124.76 (102.74~150.52) 11.34 (9.44~13.59) 283.71 (235.85~341.81) 15.86 (13.24~18.93) 1.26 (1.21~1.31)
Middle SDI 159.20 (130.20~191.00) 10.50 (8.75~12.50) 314.02 (260.10~379.41) 13.22 (11.01~15.77) 0.99 (0.89~1.09)
Low-middle SDI 62.64 (50.33~76.48) 6.47 (5.31~7.78) 144.05 (117.96~174.20) 9.33 (7.79~11.16) 1.31 (1.19~1.43)
Low SDI 30.59 (24.43~38.07) 6.29 (5.23~7.50) 72.75 (58.02~89.54) 7.39 (6.13~8.809) 0.81 (0.65~0.97)
Region
East Asia 157.04 (128.24~188.45) 13.93 (11.51~16.57) 268.46 (218.13~336.02) 14.94 (12.35~18.11) 0.25 (0.13~0.36)
Southeast Asia 33.53 (27.93~39.87) 9.60 (8.20~11.17) 80.20 (67.56~93.77) 12.84 (10.96~14.86) 0.96 (0.91~1.01)
Oceania 0.47 (0.38~0.56) 9.80 (8.32~11.39) 1.17 (0.99~1.36) 11.86 (10.27~13.62) 0.72 (0.68~0.75)
Central Asia 3.12 (2.43~3.91) 5.19 (4.11~6.47) 5.42 (4.26~6.79) 6.35 (5.12~7.83) 0.76 (0.71~0.81)
Central Europe 10.81 (8.78~13.36) 8.15 (6.60~10.05) 21.03 (17.44~25.38) 12.28 (10.21~14.68) 1.63 (1.52~1.74)
Eastern Europe 21.13 (17.16~26.03) 8.49 (6.91~10.37) 41.87 (34.67~50.42) 15.456 (12.88~18.32) 2.71 (2.51~2.92)
High-income Asia Pacific 18.73 (15.26~23.10) 10.22 (8.39~12.44) 43.46 (36.12~52.58) 12.54 (10.35~15.15) 0.6 (0.45~0.74)
Australasia 2.50 (2.06~3.01) 11.24 (9.32~13.52) 7.17 (5.98~8.49) 16.46 (13.78~19.51) 1.38 (1.24~1.51)
Western Europe 53.68 (44.46~65.37) 11.29 (9.30~13.75) 136.27 (115.90~159.92) 18.06 (15.32~21.34) 1.72 (1.6~1.84)
Southern Latin America 4.52 (3.83~5.29) 9.83 (8.41~11.43) 16.03 (13.78~18.55) 20.55 (17.67~23.68) 2.62 (2.5~2.75)
High-income North America 31.03 (25.65~37.69) 10.11 (8.32~12.27) 77.03 (66.36~89.25) 14.31 (12.38~16.50) 1.11 (0.85~1.38)
Caribbean 3.48 (2.93~4.10) 11.14 (9.42~13.09) 9.21 (7.88~10.69) 18.72 (16.06~21.74) 1.8 (1.65~1.95)
Andean Latin America 2.51 (2.11~2.96) 8.79 (7.43~10.39) 8.01 (6.65~9.53) 13.58 (11.31~16.12) 1.46 (1.37~1.55)
Central Latin America 10.79 (8.63~13.30) 8.48 (6.97~10.39) 40.49 (33.49~49.46) 16.93 (14.03~20.44) 2.22 (2.03~2.41)
Tropical Latin America 10.37 (8.45~12.52) 8.42 (7.04~10.04) 57.44 (46.78~70.21) 24.25 (19.88~29.56) 3.25 (3.13~3.38)
North Africa and Middle East 33.37 (27.16~40.60) 11.47 (9.62~13.59) 81.53 (67.01~97.90) 15.35 (12.89~18.20) 0.96 (0.92~1)
South Asia 44.70 (34.84~56.22) 5.02 (4.07~6.12) 115.83 (92.25~142.61) 7.11 (5.79~8.64) 1.25 (1.12~1.38)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa 2.85 (2.28~3.60) 6.135 (5.15~7.26) 7.36 (5.78~9.16) 6.89 (5.75~8.20) 0.4 (0.29~0.51)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa 9.80 (7.90~12.20) 6.33 (5.32~7.48) 22.59 (17.68~28.26) 6.77 (5.59~8.06) 0.18 (0.06~0.3)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa 3.49 (2.80~4.24) 7.83 (6.52~9.28) 5.69 (4.59~6.91) 8.09 (6.65~9.70) −0.12 (−0.22~-0.02)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa 20.07 (15.87~25.04) 9.25 (7.71~10.95) 44.28 (35.15~55.81) 9.24 (7.68~11.04) −0.11 (−0.16~-0.05)

ASIR, age-standardized incident rate per 100,000 population; SDI, social-demographic index; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.