Table 2.
The deaths due to infective endocarditis in 1990/2019 and temporal trends.
| Characteristics | 1990 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death No × 103 (95% CI) | ASDR/105 No. (95% CI) | Death No × 103 (95% CI) | ASDR/105 No. (95% CI) | EAPC No. (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 28.75 (24.37~35.7) | 0.73 (0.63~0.93) | 66.32 (46.21~75.86) | 0.87 (0.59~1) | 0.71 (0.44~0.98) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 14.72 (12.06~18.7) | 0.77 (0.65~1.02) | 32.63 (22.3~37.64) | 0.94 (0.62~1.09) | 0.79 (0.57~1.01) |
| Female | 14.03 (10.94~18.81) | 0.66 (0.53~0.91) | 33.69 (21.43~39.18) | 0.78 (0.5~0.91) | 0.66 (0.35~0.96) |
| Socio-demographic factor | |||||
| High SDI | 7.19 (5.9~11.49) | 0.71 (0.58~1.12) | 24.68 (11.73~30.81) | 1.16 (0.58~1.43) | 2.01 (1.51~2.51) |
| High-middle SDI | 5.94 (4.99~7.71) | 0.6 (0.5~0.78) | 13.26 (9.19~15.08) | 0.71 (0.49~0.8) | 0.62 (0.38~0.86) |
| Middle SDI | 8 (6.54~9.53) | 0.69 (0.56~0.84) | 14.07 (12.02~17.64) | 0.62 (0.52~0.77) | −0.62 (−0.76~−0.48) |
| Low-middle SDI | 4.64 (3.5~5.48) | 0.66 (0.52~0.78) | 9.19 (7.49~11.1) | 0.67 (0.55~0.82) | −0.06 (−0.13~0.01) |
| Low SDI | 2.96 (1.83~4.07) | 0.9 (0.55~1.38) | 5.07 (3.72~6.61) | 0.79 (0.55~1.06) | −0.56 (−0.64~−0.48) |
| Region | |||||
| East Asia | 4.36 (2.73~5.34) | 0.48 (0.31~0.58) | 4.91 (3.75~5.83) | 0.29 (0.21~0.34) | −2.4 (−2.78~−2.02) |
| Southeast Asia | 3.54 (2.83~4.91) | 1.22 (0.97~1.69) | 7.48 (6.03~10.35) | 1.29 (1.04~1.76) | 0 (−0.16~0.16) |
| Oceania | 0.04 (0.02~0.06) | 1.25 (0.78~2.25) | 0.12 (0.08~0.16) | 1.64 (1.13~2.26) | 1.24 (1.11~1.37) |
| Central Asia | 0.1 (0.08~0.13) | 0.21 (0.16~0.27) | 0.24 (0.2~0.32) | 0.33 (0.28~0.44) | 1.69 (1.44~1.94) |
| Central Europe | 0.47 (0.41~0.69) | 0.34 (0.3~0.5) | 0.93 (0.56~1.14) | 0.48 (0.28~0.59) | 1.39 (1.15~1.63) |
| Eastern Europe | 1.01 (0.77~1.83) | 0.39 (0.3~0.7) | 2.19 (1.59~2.64) | 0.78 (0.56~0.95) | 2.44 (2.05~2.83) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 1.37 (0.93~1.6) | 0.79 (0.53~0.92) | 4.42 (1.82~5.96) | 0.75 (0.36~0.97) | −0.69 (−1.09~−0.28) |
| Australasia | 0.12 (0.1~0.18) | 0.54 (0.46~0.79) | 0.43 (0.2~0.56) | 0.82 (0.39~1.04) | 1.71 (1.38~2.04) |
| Western Europe | 4.12 (3.15~7.55) | 0.72 (0.56~1.3) | 13.79 (6.58~17.12) | 1.28 (0.63~1.57) | 2.59 (2.15~3.03) |
| Southern Latin America | 0.59 (0.41~0.75) | 1.38 (0.94~1.77) | 1.53 (1.18~1.8) | 1.84 (1.42~2.16) | 0.78 (0.48~1.07) |
| High-income North America | 2.14 (1.63~3.84) | 0.61 (0.46~1.08) | 8.98 (4.33~11.04) | 1.36 (0.68~1.65) | 3.26 (2.43~4.09) |
| Caribbean | 0.22 (0.18~0.29) | 0.75 (0.65~0.97) | 0.44 (0.35~0.54) | 0.88 (0.71~1.08) | 0.75 (0.69~0.81) |
| Andean Latin America | 0.22 (0.16~0.28) | 0.8 (0.59~0.94) | 0.33 (0.25~0.43) | 0.59 (0.44~0.76) | −1.11 (−1.18~−1.03) |
| Central Latin America | 0.43 (0.38~0.61) | 0.4 (0.35~0.58) | 1.29 (0.89~1.58) | 0.54 (0.38~0.67) | 1.15 (0.92~1.38) |
| Tropical Latin America | 0.94 (0.8~1.47) | 0.82 (0.7~1.35) | 2.51 (1.77~2.82) | 1.06 (0.74~1.19) | 1.04 (0.78~1.3) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 1.73 (1.25~2.12) | 0.83 (0.64~0.99) | 2.74 (2.07~3.29) | 0.65 (0.51~0.79) | −0.85 (−0.92~−0.78) |
| South Asia | 3.79 (2.95~4.77) | 0.64 (0.51~0.79) | 8.77 (6.93~10.89) | 0.64 (0.51~0.8) | −0.12 (−0.2~−0.04) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.32 (0.18~0.51) | 1.17 (0.58~2.03) | 0.61 (0.35~0.97) | 1.02 (0.56~1.68) | −0.58 (−0.65~−0.51) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.13 (0.61~1.81) | 1.14 (0.55~2.05) | 1.83 (1.07~2.89) | 0.91 (0.5~1.49) | −0.9 (−1~−0.8) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.37 (0.25~0.44) | 1.01 (0.7~1.2) | 0.48 (0.39~0.61) | 0.79 (0.65~1) | −1.11 (−1.5~−0.71) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.74 (0.91~2.45) | 1.2 (0.73~1.76) | 2.29 (1.76~3.05) | 0.78 (0.61~1.02) | −1.77 (−1.99~−1.55) |
ASDR, age-standardized death rate per 100,000 population; SDI, social-demographic index; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.