Table 3.

Differences between different types of RCDS.

RCD	Major biomarkers	Characteristics of cell death	Role in cancer
Apoptosis	Caspase3,7,8,9 BAX/BAK	Apoptotic bodies form	Apoptosis promotes cancer cell death
Necroptosis	RIPK1,3 MLKL	The insertion of phosphatidylinositol into the plasma membrane results in increased plasma membrane permeability	Necroptosis promotes cancer cell death
Pyroptosis	Caspase1,4,5,11 GSDMD, GSDME	Drill holes on cell membranes	Commonly associated with cancer cell death, but may promote cancer progression in some types of cancer
Anoikis	ECM	Refer to the apoptosis	Inhibit cancer cell metastasis
Immunogenic cell death	ATP, Calreticulin, HMGB1, HSP	The cell lyses to present antigens	Chemotherapy induces cell death in time and has inhibitory effect on cancer
Ferroptosis	ACSL4, LPCAT3, ALOX15, SLC7A11, GPX4, NFE2L2	Mitochondrial damage, ruptures	It has different effects on different cancers, mainly depending on the related factors that promote the occurrence of ferroptosis, such as the level of ROS in cancer cells
Parthanatos	PARP1, AIFM1	Chromosomal dissolution	PARP1 inhibitors are well-established anti-cancer drugs and have excellent inhibitory effects on cancer
NETosis	NADPH, PAD4	Chromatin deconcentrates, the nuclear membrane destroys and chromatin fibers releases	There are multiple effects, both inhibiting cancer and causing great damage to the body as it progresses