Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to NAFLD status among cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets.
| Cross-sectional study | p-Value | Longitudinal study b | p-Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Without NAFLD | With NAFLD | Total | Without NAFLD | With NAFLD | |||
| Variables | 7,238 | 4,044 (55.9) | 3,194 (44.1) | 1,584 | 1,177 (74.3) | 407 (25.7) | ||
| Age, year a | 41.6 (30.9, 53.3) | 37.4 (29.5, 49.5) | 45.6 (33.3, 58.0) | <0.001 | 38.9 (30.7, 52.4) | 37.7 (30.7, 51.1) | 44.1 (31.6, 56.6) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 3,269 (45.2) | 1,333 (33.0) | 1,936 (60.6) | <0.001 | 559 (35.3) | 371 (31.5) | 188 (46.2) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 1,530 (21.1) | 570 (14.1) | 960 (30.1) | <0.001 | 216 (13.6) | 138 (11.7) | 78 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| Current drinking, n (%) | 1,600 (22.1) | 629 (15.6) | 971 (30.4) | <0.001 | 265 (16.7) | 178 (15.1) | 87 (21.4) | 0.004 |
| Income ¥/month, n (%) | 0.003 | 0.003 | ||||||
| ≤3,000 | 2,846 (39.9) | 1,507 (37.9) | 1,339 (42.5) | 623 (40.0) | 436 (37.8) | 187 (46.5) | ||
| 3,001–5,000 | 3,783 (53.1) | 2,201 (55.3) | 1,582 (50.3) | 838 (53.9) | 651 (56.4) | 187 (46.5) | ||
| >5,000 | 498 (7.0) | 271 (6.8) | 227 (7.2) | 95 (6.1) | 67 (5.8) | 28 (7.0) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.080 | ||||||
| Illiteracy/primary | 292 (4.03) | 133 (3.3) | 159 (5.0) | 64 (4.0) | 48 (4.1) | 16 (3.9) | ||
| Middle school | 2,655 (36.7) | 1,305 (32.3) | 1,350 (42.3) | 543 (34.3) | 385 (32.7) | 158 (38.8) | ||
| College or above | 4,291 (59.3) | 2,606 (64.4) | 1,685 (52.8) | 977 (61.7) | 744 (63.2) | 233 (57.3) | ||
| BMI, a kg/m2 | 24.1 (21.7, 26.6) | 22.3 (20.5, 24.2) | 26.4 (24.6, 28.7) | <0.001 | 22.6 (20.8, 24.4) | 22.0 (20.4, 23.7) | 24.6 (22.9, 26.1) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg a | 123.0 (113.0, 136.0) | 118.0 (108.0, 129.0) | 130.0 (120.0, 144.0) | <0.001 | 119.7 (111.7, 129.3) | 118.0 (110.3, 127.0) | 126.3 (117.3, 136.0) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg a | 79.0 (71.0, 88.0) | 75.0 (68.0, 83.0) | 84.0 (77.0, 94.0) | <0.001 | 75.3 (70.0, 82.7) | 74.3 (69.0, 80.7) | 79.7 (73.386.0) | <0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/L a | 5.0 (4.7, 5.4) | 4.9 (4.6, 5.2) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.7) | <0.001 | 5.2 (4.9, 5.4) | 5.1 (4.9, 5.4) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) | <0.001 |
| HDL, mmol/L a | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL, mmol/L a | 2.4 (2.0, 2.9) | 2.3 (1.9, 2.7) | 2.6 (2.3, 3.0) | <0.001 | 2.6 (2.2, 3.0) | 2.5 (2.1, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.4, 3.2) | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L a | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.0) | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L a | 4.4 (3.8, 5.0) | 4.2 (3.7, 4.8) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.2) | <0.001 | 4.5 (4.0, 5.0) | 4.4 (3.9, 4.9) | 4.7 (4.1, 5.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,210 (30.5) | 693 (17.1) | 1,517 (47.5) | <0.001 | 260 (16.4) | 160 (13.6) | 100 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 483 (6.7) | 136 (3.4) | 347 (10.9) | <0.001 | 50 (3.2) | 27 (2.3) | 23 (5.7) | 0.008 |
| WC, cm a | 85.0 (78.0, 92.0) | 80.0 (74.0, 86.0) | 90.0 (85.0, 96.0) | <0.001 | 80.3 (74.7, 86.0) | 78.3 (73.3, 84.0) | 85.8 (81.3, 90.3) | <0.001 |
| VAI a | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.7) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 2.0 (1.4, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| LAP a | 27.9 (15.3, 49.8) | 17.8 (11.1, 29.5) | 47.0 (30.6, 74.0) | <0.001 | 21.5 (13.4, 33.5) | 17.8 (11.9, 27.0) | 35.4 (23.7, 50.9) | <0.001 |
| CVAI a | 84.4 (46.1, 117.7) | 55.8 (27.0, 86.0) | 114.7 (91.2, 138.5) | <0.001 | 64.3 (34.6, 93.5) | 52.4 (27.2, 82.0) | 92.4 (70.0, 113.1) | <0.001 |
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, total cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; WC, waist circumference; VAI, visceral obesity index; LAP, lipid accumulation; CVAI, Chinese visceral obesity index; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Data are median (IQR).
b
Average values based on measurements in 2013–2014, 2015, and 2016.