. 2022 Mar 10;9:847114. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.847114

Table 4.

Whole blood ω3 profile before and after the 4-week supplementation of LC-ω3-rich canola oil or placebo.

	Study visit	High-dose	Mid-dose	Low-dose	Placebo
DHA (%)	Baseline	2.68 ± 0.67	2.68 ± 0.60	2.55 ± 0.57	2.85 ± 0.62
	Week 4	3.57 ± 0.70	3.18 ± 0.59	2.76 ± 0.54	2.80 ± 0.61
	Δ	0.89 ± 0.43^{a^*}	0.50 ± 0.35^{b^*}	0.21 ± 0.26^{c^*}	−0.06 ± 0.25^d
EPA (%)	Baseline	0.65 ± 0.24	0.69 ± 0.38	0.64 ± 0.20	0.60 ± 0.16
	Week 4	0.83 ± 0.21	0.78 ± 0.29	0.66 ± 0.22	0.55 ± 0.18
	Δ	0.18 ± 0.19^{a^*}	0.09 ± 0.28^{a^*}	0.02 ± 0.16^b	−0.05 ± 0.15^c
ALA (%)	Baseline	0.61 ± 0.23	0.60 ± 0.23	0.61 ± 0.17	0.62 ± 0.24
	Week 4	0.70 ± 0.23	0.65 ± 0.21	0.60 ± 0.16	0.63 ± 0.18
	Δ	0.08 ± 0.19^{a^*}	0.05 ± 0.16^a	−0.01 ± 0.16^a	0.00 ± 0.21^a
DPA (%)	Baseline	1.36 ± 0.23	1.26 ± 0.26	1.36 ± 0.25	1.28 ± 0.22
	Week 4	1.30 ± 0.19	1.24 ± 0.21	1.33 ± 0.26	1.28 ± 0.22
	Δ	−0.06 ± 0.09^{a^*}	−0.02 ± 0.13^a	−0.02 ± 0.09^a	−0.01 ± 0.08^a
Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio	Baseline	7.46 ± 1.05	7.62 ± 1.27	7.61 ± 1.16	7.34 ± 0.93
	Week 4	6.04 ± 0.67	6.71 ± 0.96	7.29 ± 0.83	7.54 ± 1.00
	Δ	−1.41 ± 0.91^{a^*}	−0.91 ± 0.86^{b^*}	−0.32 ± 0.80^{c^*}	0.10 ± 0.62^d
Omega-3 whole blood score	Baseline	4.69 ± 0.79	4.63 ± 0.90	4.55 ± 0.67	4.73 ± 0.73
	Week 4	5.70 ± 0.78	5.20 ± 0.82	4.75 ± 0.66	4.62 ± 0.74
	Δ	1.01 ± 0.52^{a^*}	0.57 ± 0.59^{b^*}	0.20 ± 0.36^c	−0.12 ± 0.38^d
Omega-3 index	Baseline	5.16 ± 0.70	5.19 ± 0.72	5.04 ± 0.55	5.27 ± 0.62
	Week 4	6.13 ± 0.70	5.73 ± 0.67	5.24 ± 0.54	5.17 ± 0.61
	Δ	0.98 ± 0.45^{a^*}	0.54 ± 0.48^{b^*}	0.20 ± 0.27^c	−0.10 ± 0.29^d

Values are means ± SD. Whole blood ω3 profile parameter changes were analyzed using ANCOVA with treatment and smoking status as fixed effects, and the baseline parameter value as a covariate. P_baseline was <0.01 and P_smoking was <0.05 for all parameters. Values without a common letter (a, b, c, d) indicate significant between-group differences (P < 0.05).

Indicates significant within-group change from baseline to week 4 (P < 0.05). At baseline and week 4, n = 31, 30, 31, and 33 for high-dose, middose, low-dose, and placebo groups, respectively. ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; Δ, change from baseline.