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. 2022 Mar 10;10:853085. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.853085

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Copyright © 2022 Peng, Wang, Wong, Chen, Chen, Zhang, Tan and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the foot-ankle complex and insole finite element model. The customized foot orthosis was produced based on the scanned foot surface. Nine design configurations of the foot orthoses were used in the finite element model. Gait data were used as inputs of the musculoskeletal multibody model to calculate the foot muscle forces. The calculated muscles and ground reaction forces were adopted to drive the flatfoot-orthosis finite element model. The foot pressure distribution and plantar fascia strain distribution were predicted based on the muscle-driven foot-ankle complex model.