TABLE 1.

Material properties of the components in the finite element model.

	Elastic modulus (MPa)	Poisson ratio	Cross section (mm2)
Skin	First-order Ogden hyperelastic model (μ = 0.122 MPa, α = 18, thickness: 2.0 mm)	—
Bulk soft tissue	Second-order polynomial strain hyperelastic model (C10 = 0.8556, C01 = −0.05841, C20 = 0.03900, C11 = −0.02319, C02 = 0.00851, D1 = 3.65273)	—
Bone	10,000	0.34	—
Ligaments	260	0.4	18.4
Three-dimensional Plantar fascia	350	0.45	—
Midsole	5	0.4	—

Parameters for the material property were based on the same references in our previous work (Peng et al., 2021c).