Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population and univariable effects on mortality
| Characteristic | Total | Alive | Dead | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 64.7 (10.59) | 64.5 (10.53) | 69.8 (10.9) | 1.05 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.001 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 1787 (57.0) | 1725(57.2) | 62 (53.0) | 0.84 | 0.58 | 1.22 | 0.368 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2200 (70.2) | 2130 (70.6) | 70 (59.8) | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.90 | 0.013 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 2020 (64.5) | 1954 (64.9) | 66 (56.4) | 0.70 | 0.48 | 1.01 | 0.062 |
| Family history, n (%) | 261 (8.5) | 255 (8.6) | 6 (5.5) | 0.61 | 0.26 | 1.40 | 0.247 |
| COPD, n (%) | 44 (1.4) | 40 (1.3) | 4 (3.4) | 2.63 | 0.92 | 7.48 | 0.070 |
| CABG, n (%) | 553 (17.7) | 532 (17.7) | 21 (17.9) | 1.02 | 0.63 | 1.65 | 0.934 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 524 (17.0) | 504 (16.9) | 20 (17.2) | 1.02 | 0.62 | 1.66 | 0.933 |
| RF, n (%) | 317(10.1) | 289 (9.6) | 28 (23.9) | 2.96 | 1.90 | 4.61 | < 0.001 |
| LVEF, n (%) | |||||||
| Normal | 470 (18.4) | 463 (18.8) | 7 (7.4) | < 0.001 | |||
| Mild reduction | 459 (18.0) | 540 (18.3) | 9 (9.6) | 1.32 | 0.48 | 3.58 | 0.582 |
| Moderate reduction | 1044 (40.8) | 1013 (41.1) | 31 (33.0) | 2.02 | 0.88 | 4.63 | 0.095 |
| Severe reduction | 583 (22.8) | 536 (21.8) | 47 (50.0) | 5.80 | 2.59 | 12.95 | < 0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 1356 (45.7) | 1313 (46.0) | 43 (37.7) | 0.71 | 0.48 | 1.04 | 0.084 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 2239 (95.8) | 2197 (95.9) | 42 (93.3) | 0.60 | 0.18 | 1.98 | 0.408 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 1108 (85.6) | 1087 (85.8) | 21 (77.8) | 0.58 | 0.23 | 1.45 | 0.246 |
| Statin, n (%) | 1920 (88.0) | 1886 (88) | 34 (82.9) | 0.65 | 0.28 | 1.50 | 0.322 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), n (%) | 27.9 (4.65) | 27.9 (4.63) | 28.3 (5.97) | 1.01 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 0.615 |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | |||||||
| Current | 2350 (75.8) | 2255 (75.6) | 95 (981.2) | 0.320 | |||
| Former | 294 (75.8) | 287 (9.6) | 7 (6.0) | 0.57 | 0.26 | 1.26 | 0.168 |
| Never | 455 (14.7) | 440 (14.8) | 15 912.8) | 0.80 | 0.46 | 1.40 | 0.454 |
| Opium, n (%) | |||||||
| Current | 2897 (92.5) | 2784 (92.4) | 113 (96.6) | 0.403 | |||
| Former | 33 (1.1) | 33 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.998 | |||
| Never | 201 (6.4) | 197 (6.5) | 4 (3.4) | 0.50 | 0.18 | 1.37 | 0.178 |
| Diabetes treatment, n (%) | |||||||
| Diet | 174 (5.6) | 169 (5.7) | 5 (4.6) | 0.55 | 0.19 | 1.59 | 0.275 |
| Oral | 1854 (59.9) | 1805 (60.5) | 49 (45.4) | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.95 | 0.036 |
| Insulin | 674 (20.9) | 613 (20.5) | 34 (31.5) | 1.04 | 0.54 | 2.01 | 0.895 |
| Combination | 160 (5.2) | 153 (5.1) | 79 (6.5) | 0.86 | 0.33 | 2.20 | 0.757 |
| Total cholesterol, median | 165 (134, 198) | 165 (134, 198) | 160.5 (133, 204) | 0.9 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.717 |
| Triglyceride, median | 149 (106, 213) | 149 (106, 213) | 137.5 (94, 183) | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.267 |
| HDL, median | 38.5 (10.57) | 38.5 (10.58) | 36.8 (10.14) | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 0.321 |
| LDL, median | 99 (74, 126) | 99 (74, 126) | 99 (70, 127) | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.943 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.20 | 0.99 | 1.45 | 0.051 |
| HbA1C, n (%) | 8.2 (7.1, 9.5) | 8.8 (7.2, 10.1) | 1.135 | 0.94 | 1.36 | 0.18 | 0.178 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL), n (%) | 13.8 (2.03) | 13.8 (2.03) | 13.2 (2.01) | 0.86 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.098 |
Continuous variables are presented as the mean (SD) or the median (25th and 75th percentiles)
Categorical variables are described as frequencies (percentages); n (%)
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, MI myocardial infarction, RF renal failure, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein