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. 2022 Mar 28;12:5259. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08972-w

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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An example of cartilaginous elements in CS20 are observed using HS (a) and PCX-CT (b). These specimens include both cartilaginous matrix and condensation. Elements with chondrified matrix surrounded by perichondrium (e.g., basisphenoid) in HS are observed as low-density areas surrounded by a high-density outline in PCX-CT. Arrow heads show the perichondrium. Condensation of chondrocytes (e.g., mesethmoid) in HS is observed as high-density area in PCX-CT. CS, Carnegie stage; HS, histological section; PCX-CT, phase-contrast CT; AT, ala temporalis; AP, alar process; B, basisphenoid; ME, mesethmoid; R, root of orbitosphenoid; TN, trigeminal nerve.