TABLE 1.

Main findings of the studies on epigenetic alterations in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)

Disease	DNA methylation	Histone modifications	Noncoding RNAs
ΙΤΡ	FOXP3 hypermethylation 23 DNMT3B‐rs2424913 SNP increased expression 25 , 26 IL‐1 Ra VNTR polymorphism expression 26 DNMT3B −579 G>T SNP increased expression 28 DNMT3B −149C/T SNP increased expression 29 DNMT3A −448 G/A SNP decreased expression 29	Global H3K9 hypomethylation 30 Downregulation of HMTs (SUV39H2 and EZH2) 30	Increased MALAT1 and THRIL expression 31 Increased miR‐302c‐3p, miR‐483‐5p, miR‐410, miR‐302a‐3p, miR‐223‐3p, and miR‐597 expression 32 Decreased miR‐544a expression 32
SLE	FOXP3 hypermethylation 41 Type I INF‐related genes (e.g., MX1, IFI44L, PARP9, and DTX3L) hypomethylation 42 JAK2 hypomethylation 43 SOCS3 hypermethylation 43 HMGB1 hypomethylation 44	Global histone H3 and H4 hypoacetylation 45 Global histone H3K9 hypomethylation 45	Increased miRNA‐516a‐3p expression 46 Increased miRNA‐629 expression 46 Increased miRNA‐525‐5p expression 46 Increased miRNA‐27a* expression 47 Decreased NKG2D and ULBP2 expression 47
JIA	MRPL28 hypomethylation 62 IL32 hypomethylation 62 DNMT1 decreased expression 63 DNMT3a decreased expression 63	H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 SNPs and indels 64	Increased miRNA‐155 expression 66 Increased miRNA‐16 expression 66 Decreased miRNA‐204 expression 66 Increased miRNA‐125a‐5p expression 67 Decreased miR‐19a expression 68 Decreased miR‐21 expression 68 Increased RP11‐340F14.6 expression 69 Increased serum miR‐223 levels 70

Abbreviations: FOXP3, forkhead box P3; IL‐1Ra VNTR, the interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist variable‐number tandem repeats; HMTs, histone methyltransferases; DNMTs; DNA methyltransferases; MALAT1, metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1; THRIL, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL) immune‐regulatory lncRNA; INF, interferon; JAK2, janus kinase 2; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3.