TABLE 1.

The potential role of physical exercise training on vitiligo patients.

Modifiable vitiligo profile	Potential from acute exercise	Potential from physical training
Metabolic profile
It is associated to MetS and ↑ insulin resistance, adipose tissue, blood pressure, LDL-C, and ↓ HDL-C.	↑ gene transcription to glucose uptake, fat oxidation, cardiac and vascular remodeling.	↓ insulin resistance. ↓ LDL-C and blood pressure. ↑HDL-C. Improvement in several MetS markers. ↓ adipose tissue.
Redox system profile
↑ ROS/RNS. ↓ EAS enzyme (GPx, TrxR, and CAT). Chronic ↑ NADPH-oxidase and SOD activity. ↑Lipid, protein, and DNA peroxidation.	Acute ↑ NADPH-oxidase activity induces EAS enzymes gene transcription (via NF-κB pathway). ↑ Nrf2-ARE/HO-1 pathway activation.	↑ EAS enzymes capacity and ↓ lipid, protein, and DNA peroxidation. ↓ROS. ↓ NADPH-oxidase activity-induced ROS. ↑ NADPH synthesis.
Mitochondrial structure and function profile
↓ mitochondrial mitophagy in melanocytes. ↓ cardiolipin quality and quantity; ↓ melanocytes mitochondrial ATP production and mitochondrial complexes and supercomplex activity. ↑ mitochondrial ROS emission.	↑ gene transcription for mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling. ↑ IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/ACL pathway activation to cardiolipin biosynthesis.	↑ mitochondrial mitophagy and remodeling (mitofision, mitofusion). ↑ ATP mitochondrial (increase in complex 1) and mitochondrial mass. ↑ cardiolipin content and supercomplex formation and ATP content. ↓ mitochondrial ROS emission.
Immune function profile
↑ IL-2, IL-6, and IL-15. ↓ IL-4 and IL-10. ↑ TNF-α, IFNα, and IFN- γ. ↑ memory CD8+ T cell. ↓Tregs. ↑ extracellular HSP.	CD8+ T cells mobilization to bloodstream removing hyper-reactive senescent cells. ↑ acute increase in IFN-α, IL-6, and IL-1β inducing a regulatory effect in IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1RA.	↓ IL-2, IL-6, and ↑ IL-15 ↑ IL-10 and IL-4. ↓ TNF-α and IFN- γ. ↓ total lymphocytes, CD8+ T cell proliferation, memory CD8+ T cell, and ↑ senescent CD8+ T cell apoptosis. ↑ Tregs. ↓ extracellular HSP and ↑ intracellular HSP

References from this table are provided as Supplementary Material. ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CAT, catalase; EAS, endogenous antioxidant system; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; HSP, heat shock protein; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol; HSP, heat shock protein; IFN, interferon; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IL, interleukin; LP, lipid peroxidation; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; Nrf2-ARE/HO-1, Nuclear Factor E2 related to Factor 2-antioxidant/heme oxygenase 1 response element; ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF, tumor necrose factor; Tregs, regulatory T cells; TrxR, thioredoxin reductase.