Table 1.

Selected techniques for the estimation of cavitation bubble temperatures.

Experimental Technique	Cavitation Bubble Temperature, K	Reference
Molecular emissions observed in multibubble sonoluminescence (20 kHz)	∼2,000–4,300	[47], [48]
Comparative rate thermometry (20 kHz)	∼5,200	[49]
Radical quantification – ESR (20 kHz)	1000–4600 K	[50], [51]
Product quantification – Methyl radical recombination method (20 kHz–1 MHz)	∼2,000–∼7,000	[52], [53], [54], [55]
Molecular emissions observed in single bubble sonoluminescence	15,000–30,000	[56]
Molecular emissions in ionic liquids to determine vibrational and rotational temperatures	4,000–6,000	[57]
Molecular emissions observed from symmetrically and asymmetrically collapsing bubbles (nanodroplet injection model)	4,000–9,500	[30], [59]