Figure 2.

Functional mechanisms of CRNDE in carcinogenesis

(A) The functions of CRNDE in cancer development.3, 16, 19, 20, 21. (B–F) CRNDE regulatory mechanisms. (B) CRNDE can form a complex with hnRNPUL2 in the cytoplasm and activate Ras/MAPK signaling pathways.¹⁹ (C) CRNDE has several miRNA binding sites and serves as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miRNAs, thereby impeding their inhibitory effect on the expression of target mRNAs.22, 23, 24 (D) CRNDE modulates alternative splicing events by interacting with the splicing factor SRSF6 to induce proteasome ubiquitination (Ub)-dependent SRSF6 degradation.³ The low expression of SRSF6 suppresses a short (S) to long (L) isoform switch of PICALM, thereby increasing the production of the exon 14 skip variant of PICALM.³ (E) CRNDE recruits epigenetic regulator EZH2 to inhibit the transcription of CDKN1A and DUSP5.²⁵ (F) CRNDE can be transferred to CD4⁺ T cells by tumor exosomes to induce the Th17 cell differentiation.²⁶