Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Location | SLE case/HC case | SLE case | Experimental methods | |||
| Country/race | n (female sex, %) | Age, mean±SD | Medication/dosage | Technique | Compositional data analysis methods | Reference panels | |
| Bellocchi et al12 | Italy/not Chinese | 27 (88.9)/27 (74.1) | 47.7±16.6/52.5±10.0 | Prednisone (<10 mg/day)/immunosuppressant/HCQ/statin | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | SILVA |
| van der Meulen et al8 | The Netherlands/white/European ethnic background | 35 (94.3)/965 (58.0) | 47.0±14.0/45.0±13.0 | Proton pump inhibitors/NSAIDs/corticosteroids (<7.5 mg/day)/antimalarial | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | SILVA |
| Luo et al66 | America/African American (not Caribbean) and Caucasian, non-Hispanic | 14 (71.4)/17 (NA) | 43.2±18.1/NA | HCQ/belimumab/MMF/MTX/rituximab/AZA/tacrolimus | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | Greengenes |
| Hevia et al 7 |
Spain/Caucasian origin | 20 (100)/20 (100) | 49.2±10.7/46.9±8.6 | NA | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | Greengenes |
| Wei et al14 | China/Chinese | 14 (92.9)/16 (87.5) | 40.7±13.9/38.6±14.5 | NA | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | Greengenes |
| He et al63 | China/Chinese | 45 (100)/48 (100) | 46.0±1.8/43.5±2.4 | NA | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | SILVA |
| Guo et al55 | China/Chinese | 17 (100)/20 (100) | 34.4±3.4/30.4±1.9 | NA | 16S rRNA sequencing | Feature | Greengenes |
| Li et al67 | China/Chinese | 40 (100)/22 (100) | 37.5±14.2/37.2±14.7 | NA | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | RDP |
| Zhu13 | China/Chinese | 32 (93.8)/26 (87.5) | 33.8±14.2/NA | Immunosuppressant/hormone drugs (no record) | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | RDP |
| Chen et al52 | China/Beijing | 117 (72.8)/115 (84.3) | 30.8±10.9/32.4±11.3 | NA | Shotgun sequencing | Gene mapping | Immune Epitope Database |
| Sun et al68 | China/Heilongjiang | 12 (NA)/12 (NA) | NA | NA | 16S rRNA sequencing | OTU | RDP |
AZA, Azathioprine; Greengenes, The Greengenes Database; HC, healthy control; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; HCQ, Hydroxychloroquine; MMF, Mycophenolate Mofetil; MTX, Methotrexate; NA, Not using any medication; NSAIDs, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs; OTU, operational taxonomic unit; OTU, Operational Taxonomic Units; RDp, RibosomalDatabase Project; SILVA, SILVA rRNA database.