Table 1.
characteristics of 16 included studies
| First author | Year | Country | Study design | Cutoff value | Study duration | Patient recruitment | Number of centers | Number of readers | Setting | Symptoms | Sample size | Age* (year) |
Sex (M/F) |
Reference standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turcato [38] | 2021 | Italy | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/25–2020/4/25 | C | 1 | NA | ED | S | 120 | 68 (60–78) | 73/47 |
51 RT-PCR + 69 RT-PCR - |
| Sun [39] | 2021 | French | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/18–2020/5/10 | NA | 1 | 1 | NA | B | 313 | 62 (50–70) | 156/157 |
22 RT-PCR + 291 RT-PCR - |
| Schalekamp [40] | 2021 | Netherlands | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/20–2020/4/3 | C | 6 | NA | ED | S | 1070 | 66 (54–75) | 626/444 |
536 RT-PCR + 534 RT-PCR - |
| O' Neill [41] | 2020 | Canada, Iran, South Korea, China | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/2/2–2020/5/16 | C | 4 | 3 | NA | S | 279 | 60.1 ± 17.3 | 143/136 |
194 RT-PCR + 85 RT-PCR - |
| Prokop [24] | 2020 | Netherlands | NA | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/14–2020/3/25 | C | 7 | 8 | ED | S | 105 | 62 ± 16 | 61/44 |
53 RT-PCR + 52 RT-PCR - |
| Özel [42] | 2021 | Turkey | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/20–2020/4/20 | NA | 1 | 2 | ED | S | 280 | 45.9 ± 15.9 | 150/130 |
111 RT-PCR + 169 RT-PCR - |
| Ossareh [43] | 2020 | Iran | NA | 2 | 2020/2/20–2020/4/20 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | B | 178 | 58.9 ± 16.5 (22–99) | 122/56 |
27 RT-PCR + 151 RT-PCR - |
| Liu [12] | 2021 | China | R | 4 | 2020/2/16–2020/3/20 | C | 2 | 2 | NA | S | 40 | NA | 23/17 |
25 RT-PCR + 25 RT-PCR - |
| Lieveld [44] | 2020 | Netherlands | P | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/19–2020/5/28 | C | 2 | NA | ED | S | 741 | 62.1 ± 17.2 | 417/324 |
235 RT-PCR + 506 RT-PCR - |
| Lessmann [45] | 2021 | Netherlands | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3–2020/4 | C | 2 | 8 | ED | S | 262 | 64 ± 16 | 154/108 |
179 RT-PCR + 83 RT-PCR - |
| Hermans [46] | 2020 | Netherlands | P | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/27–2020/4/20 | C | 1 | NA | ED | B | 319 | 59 (50–68) | 157/162 |
133 RT-PCR + 186 RT-PCR - |
| Gross [47] | 2021 | Germany | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/22–2020/4/7 | C | NA | NA | ED | S | 96 | 64 | 50/46 |
20 RT-PCR + 76 RT-PCR - |
| Fujioka [48] | 2020 | Japan | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/1–2020/6 | NA | 1 | 4 | NA | S | 154 | 61.3 ± 18.8 (21–93) | 101/53 |
76 RT-PCR + 78 RT-PCR - |
| De Smet [25] | 2021 | Belgium | P | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 202/3/19–2020/4/20 | C | 1 | 2 | NA | B | 1997 | 70 (52–81) | 1031/966 |
418 RT-PCR + 1579 RT-PCR- |
| Bellini [49] | 2020 | Italy | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/9–2020/5/3 | C | 1 | 12 | NA | S | 572 | 63 ± 20 | 329/243 |
142 RT-PCR+ 430 RT-PCR- |
| Shohei [50] | 2020 | Japan | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/1/30–2020/6/30 | NA | 1 | 8 | ED | S | 100 | NA | 68/32 |
50 RT-PCR+ 50 RT-PCR- |
| Wakfie [51] | 2021 | Spain | NA | 4, 5 | 2020/2/19–2020/5/29 | NA | NA | NA | NA | B | 41 | NA | 22/19 |
13 RT-PCR+ 28 RT-PCR- |
| Vicini [52] | 2021 | Italy | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/18–2020/7/15 | C | 1 | 6 | NA | S | 714 | 64 ± 19 (8–96) | 419/295 |
263 RT-PCR+ 451 RT-PCR- |
| Van [53] | 2021 | Belgium | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/7–2020/4/13 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | S | 200 | 67.30 ± 17.11 | 96/104 |
68 RT-PCR+ 132 RT-PCR- |
| Nair [54] | 2021 | Qatar | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/4/1–2020/7/30 | C | 1 | 6 | NA | S | 164 | 49 ± 15 | 139/25 |
101 RT-PCR+ 63 RT-PCR- |
| Kurokawa [55] | 2021 | Japan | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/4/1–2020/5/21 | NA | 1 | 6 | NA | S | 154 | NA | 108/46 |
26 RT-PCR+ 128 RT-PCR- |
| Tunç [56] | 2021 | Turkey | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3–2020/5 | NA | 1 | 4 | NA | S | 209 | NA | 115/94 |
149 RT-PCR+ 60 RT-PCR- |
| Dilek [57] | 2021 | Turkey | R | 4 | 2020/3/11–2020/5/11 | NA | 1 | 4 | ED | S | 178 | 47 ± 16 (14–86) | 102/76 |
143 RT-PCR+ 35 RT-PCR- |
| De Jaegere [56, 58] | 2020 | Netherlands | R | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2020/3/12–2020/3/23 | C | 1 | 3 | NA | S | 96 | 70 (29–94) | 61/35 |
45 RT-PCR+ 51 RT-PCR- |
Abbreviations: R, retrospective; P, prospective; C, consecutive; ED, emergency department; S, symptomatic; B, both symptomatic and asymptomatic; NA, not available
*Age (year): median age (range) or average age