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Acellular bone tissue regeneration by Nell1-modified-EVs (Nell1/EVs). (A)Nell1/EVs were isolated from Nell1-modified-BMSCs. (B)In vitro studies of the induction and mechanism of action of Nell1/EVs regulatory BMSC osteogensis. (C)In vivo, calvarial defects were used as animal models to evaluate the bone defect repair capacity of 3D-Nell1/EV-hydrogel. Nell1/EVs and negative control EVs were encased in the hydrogel for further implantation in defects.
