In vitro biological properties of exosome-coated Mg-GA MOF scaffolds. (A) Immunofluorescence showing hBMSC morphology on PLGA/Exo-Mg-GA MOF scaffolds. Human BMSCs nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue) and cytoskeletons stained with FITC (red). (B) CCK-8 assay of hBMSCs on different scaffolds after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. (C) Osteogenic-related and angiogenic-related protein expression in hBMSCs on PLGA/Exo-Mg-GA MOF scaffolds by western blotting. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). (D) The osteogenic markers, ALP, Runx2, and OCN and angiogenic-related marker, VEGF were positive for immunofluorescence. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).