Histological analysis of exosome-coated Mg-GA MOF scaffolds during in vivo treatment. (A) Histological evaluation with HE staining on blank, PLGA/Mg-GA2 and PLGA/Exo-Mg-GA2 scaffold groups at 10 weeks of post-surgery. (B) Histological evaluation with MT staining on blank, PLGA/Mg-GA2 and PLGA/Exo-Mg-GA2 scaffold groups at 10 weeks of post-surgery. (C) Representative immunohistochemistry images of ALP, Runx2, OCN, CD31, VEGF in different groups (Blank, PLGA/Mg-GA2, PLGA/Exo-Mg-GA2). Red arrows point to the positive staining area. S, scaffold implantent, newly formed bone area marked”√”.