Figure 1.

Illustration of in situ 3D bioprinting living photosynthetic scaffolds for autotrophic wound healing. The microalgae-laden hollow fibrous (MA-HF) scaffolds can be directly printed in freeform wounds due to the rapid crosslinking between the Ca ions and alginate-based progels during a coaxial microfluidic printing process. After printing, the microalgae encapsulated in the MA-HF scaffolds serve as in situ autotrophic oxygen suppliers, which continuously generate oxygen under light illumination for enhanced wound healing by alleviating local hypoxia, accelerating angiogenesis, and promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis at wound sites.