Table. Demographics of Trial Participants With Stroke.
| Characteristic | Control arm (n = 17) | Gamification and social incentives arm (n = 17) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61 (16.9) | 57 (13.8) |
| Gender, No. (%) | ||
| Female | 11 (64.7) | 11 (64.7) |
| Male | 6 (35.3) | 6 (35.3) |
| Race and ethnicity, No. (%)a | ||
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.9) |
| Black or African American, non-Hispanic | 3 (17.6) | 2 (11.8) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 12 (70.6) | 14 (82.4) |
| Married, No. (%) | 11 (64.7) | 12 (70.6) |
| Household income>$50 000, No. (%) | 15 (88.2) | 12 (70.6) |
| Baseline measures | ||
| Stroke chronicity, mean (SD), mo | 39.2 (82.1) | 16.2 (9.2) |
| Ischemic stroke, No. (%) | 12 (70.6) | 11 (64.7) |
| Mini MoCA score, mean (SD)b | 12.5 (1.2) | 12.8 (1.2) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)c | 30.9 (7.5) | 30.4 (6.7) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, median (IQR) | 2 (0-4.5) | 1 (0-8.5) |
| Baseline steps, mean (SD), No. | 4312 (1515) | 4284 (1316) |
| PHQ-9 score, mean (SD)d | 3.7 (3.2) | 4.6 (3.9) |
| Stroke Self-efficacy Questionnaire score, mean (SD)e | 123 (9.7) | 120 (12.5) |
| Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale score, mean (SD), %f | 91.1 (7.8) | 83.1 (14.8) |
| FACIT Fatigue Scale score, mean (SD)g | 43.6 (6.2) | 40.8 (9.7) |
| MOS Social Support Survey score, mean (SD)h | 81.0 (20.9) | 77.6 (21.9) |
| Life-Space Mobility score, mean (SD)i | 75.3 (21.4) | 72.2 (25.7) |
Abbreviations: FACIT, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy; MoCA, Mini Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MOS, Medical Outcomes Study; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire–9.
Race and ethnicity were self-reported and are reported because of the variability in stroke prevalence and outcomes by race and ethnicity.
Administered via telephone; scores range from 0 to 15, with scores of 11 or higher indicating no cognitive impairment.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating more severe depression.
Scores range from 0 to 130, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy.
Scores range from 0% to 100%, with scores greater than 80% indicating high levels of physical functioning.
Scores range from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater quality of life.
Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater social support.
Scores range from 0 to 120, with higher scores indicating greater mobility across different environments.