Table 1. Characteristics of US Youths Included in the Study by NHANES Cycles From 1999 Through 2018.
| Characteristic | 1999-2002 (n = 1862) | 2003-2006 (n = 1788) | 2007-2010 (n = 998) | 2011-2014 (n = 1064) | 2015-2018 (n = 886) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % (95% CI)a | No. | % (95% CI)a | No. | % (95% CI)a | No. | % (95% CI)a | No. | % (95% CI)a | |
| Age, y | ||||||||||
| 12-15 | 938 | 49.9 (46.7-53.1) | 882 | 48.7 (44.5-52.8) | 485 | 50.5 (46.4-54.6) | 544 | 50.5 (46.5-54.5) | 440 | 48.8 (44.4-53.3) |
| 16-19 | 924 | 50.1 (46.9-53.3) | 906 | 51.3 (47.2-55.5) | 513 | 49.5 (45.4-53.6) | 520 | 49.5 (45.5-53.5) | 446 | 51.2 (46.7-55.6) |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 903 | 48.8 (45.4-52.2) | 843 | 48.4 (44.8-52.0) | 450 | 49.0 (44.2-53.7) | 539 | 48.8 (44.9-52.8) | 451 | 49.2 (44.9-53.4) |
| Male | 959 | 51.2 (47.8-54.6) | 945 | 51.6 (48.0-55.2) | 548 | 51.0 (46.3-55.8) | 525 | 51.2 (47.2-55.1) | 435 | 50.9 (46.6-55.1) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Hispanic | 774 | 16.9 (13.0-21.8) | 623 | 15.7 (12.3-19.7) | 397 | 18.7 (14.0-24.4) | 325 | 21.9 (17.4-27.1) | 276 | 23.5 (17.9-30.2) |
| Non-Hispanic | ||||||||||
| Asian | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 129 | 4.70 (3.23-6.78) | 93 | 5.01 (3.32-7.50) |
| Black | 515 | 13.8 (10.5-18.1) | 628 | 14.8 (11.5-18.8) | 215 | 14.8 (11.9-18.4) | 295 | 15.1 (11.5-19.7) | 194 | 13.4 (10.1-17.7) |
| White | 490 | 61.4 (56.4-66.2) | 461 | 63.8 (57.8-69.4) | 331 | 60.2 (53.4-66.7) | 269 | 54.4 (47.7-60.9) | 268 | 52.3 (45.7-58.9) |
| Otherb | 83 | NC | 76 | NC | 55 | NC | 46 | NC | 55 | NC |
| Parental educational levelc | ||||||||||
| <High school | 706 | 21.3 (18.3-24.8) | 566 | 18.0 (15.3-21.0) | 287 | 18.2 (14.9-21.9) | 284 | 21.7 (18.2-25.8) | 186 | 18.4 (13.6-24.6) |
| High school | 824 | 53.9 (48.4-59.3) | 918 | 59.3 (54.8-63.7) | 506 | 51.0 (46.1-55.8) | 556 | 53.1 (47.7-58.4) | 509 | 55.4 (48.6-62.0) |
| ≥Some college | 236 | 20.9 (16.5-26.3) | 225 | 18.5 (14.7-23.2) | 179 | 27.7 (21.1-35.5) | 200 | 23.2 (18.7-28.3) | 139 | 20.6 (15.1-27.5) |
| Ratio of family income to poverty leveld | ||||||||||
| <1.3 | 700 | 28.2 (23.9-33.0) | 698 | 28.5 (24.4-33.0) | 385 | 26.9 (23.4-30.8) | 478 | 34.4 (28.4-41.0) | 306 | 24.8 (20.4-29.8) |
| 1.3 to <3.0 | 518 | 27.7 (24.6-30.9) | 538 | 27.8 (24.5-31.0) | 284 | 27.2 (22.4-32.7) | 275 | 28.2 (22.8-34.3) | 289 | 32.0 (26.6-37.9) |
| ≥3.0 | 472 | 37.6 (33.2-42.1) | 466 | 39.5 (34.9-44.3) | 251 | 40.2 (34.1-46.7) | 234 | 31.4 (26.0-37.3) | 195 | 34.9 (29.7-40.3) |
| Food securitye | ||||||||||
| Very low | 142 | 5.87 (4.20-8.15) | 147 | 6.17 (4.69-8.08) | 76 | 4.70 (3.41-6.43) | 88 | 6.72 (4.51-9.90) | 95 | 8.80 (6.73-11.4) |
| Low | 285 | 9.81 (7.88-12.1) | 273 | 9.66 (8.13-11.4) | 177 | 12.5 (10.3-15.1) | 179 | 13.9 (11.1-17.3) | 161 | 12.9 (10.5-15.7) |
| Marginal | 153 | 5.82 (4.22-7.97) | 169 | 6.49 (4.87-8.58) | 136 | 9.08 (6.68-12.2) | 187 | 15.3 (12.4-18.6) | 118 | 11.0 (8.50-14.1) |
| Full | 1207 | 74.6 (70.8-78.1) | 1143 | 74.4 (71.0-77.5) | 601 | 72.8 (67.9-77.3) | 604 | 62.8 (57.7-67.6) | 481 | 64.7 (59.7-69.4) |
| BMI categoryf | ||||||||||
| Underweight or normal weight | 1202 | 70.3 (67.5-73.0) | 1134 | 66.4 (62.4-70.2) | 614 | 65.5 (62.3-68.5) | 650 | 64.8 (60.2-69.0) | 512 | 60.1 (56.3-63.9) |
| Overweight | 291 | 13.3 (11.2-15.9) | 291 | 15.5 (13.5-17.7) | 173 | 16.1 (13.3-19.5) | 160 | 14.2 (11.2-17.8) | 148 | 18.4 (15.6-21.6) |
| Obese | 354 | 16.4 (14.3-18.6) | 350 | 18.1 (14.5-22.5) | 193 | 18.4 (15.3-21.9) | 226 | 21.0 (17.2-25.4) | 211 | 21.5 (18.4-24.9) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NA, not available; NC, not calculated; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
a
Percentages were adjusted for NHANES survey weight.
b
Owing to the small sample size, other racial and ethnic groups were not included in the analysis. “Other” included groups indicated as “other” in NHANES, including multiracial.
c
Data missing for 277 individuals.
d
Data missing for 509 individuals.
e
Data missing for 176 individuals.
f
Data missing for 89 individuals.