Fig. 1.

In vitro evaluation of the effects of Mg²⁺ on BMP-2-mediated osteogenic differentiation. A) Alp staining of BMSCs treated with medium containing BMP-2 and gradient concentrations of Mg²⁺. B) qPCR analysis of osteogenic gene expression in BMSCs. (** and ## represent p < 0.01 in comparison with the Con and BMP-2 groups, respectively). C) Alp staining and ARS of BMSCs induced by different doses of BMP-2 with or without an Mg-enriched environment. D) Immunofluorescence staining of the Ocn protein in BMSCs. E) Semiquantitative analysis of Alp activity in BMSCs to verify the promotional effects of Mg²⁺ on BMP-2-based osteogenesis. (# and * represent p < 0.05 in comparison with the 50 and 20 ng mL⁻¹ groups, respectively; ▲▲ represents p < 0.01 in comparison with the 20 ng mL⁻¹ + Mg group).