TABLE 1.

Participants’ demographic and clinical data.

Characteristics	NH group	ARHL group	All participants	p
	(n = 68)	(n = 67)	(n = 135)	NH vs. ARHL
Age	61.51 ± 4.96	62.84 ± 4.80	62.17 ± 4.91	0.118
Years of education	11.59 ± 3.01	10.67 ± 3.27	11.13 ± 3.17	0.093
Sex (Male/Female)	24/44	35/32	59/76	0.057
Hypertension (Y/N)	19/49	25/42	44/91	0.202
Diabetes (Y/N)	7/61	8/59	15/120	0.784
Hyperlipidemia (Y/N)	8/60	6/61	14/121	0.573
Smoking (Y/N)	4/64	4/63	8/127	0.983
Alcohol abuse (Y/N)	3/65	3/64	6/129	0.698
L-PT	−0.39 ± 0.51	0.40 ± 1.20	−0.78 ± 0.16	< 0.001
H-PT	−0.71 ± 0.49	0.73 ± 0.85	−1.44 ± 0.12	< 0.001
PTA	12.81 ± 4.66	35.58 ± 10.96	24.11 ± 14.17	< 0.001
Anxiety	3.56 ± 3.35	3.33 ± 3.85	3.44 ± 3.59	0.771
Depression	3.56 ± 3.56	3.88 ± 3.55	3.72 ± 3.55	0.600

Data are presented as means ± standard deviations.

Values in bold are used to indicate statistical significance.

ARHL, Age-related hearing loss; NH, normal hearing. H-PT, high-frequency pure tone audiometry factor scores. L-PT, Low-frequency pure tone audiometry factor scores.

PTA, pure tone average in four frequencies.

Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).