Table 2.
Study demographics, characteristics, and effect sizes listed chronologically for face identity discrimination tasks (k = 53).
| Study | Task | Effect Size Description | ASD | TD | g | se | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| N | Age | Sex | IQ | N | Age | Sex | IQ | |||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ozonoff et al. (1990)[1] | Sorting | Exp. 1 | 14 | 6.4 (2.0) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | 14 | 3.0 (0.3) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | 0.1 | 0.4 |
| Ozonoff et al. (1990)[2] | Matching | Exp. 1 | 14 | 6.4 (2.0) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | 14 | 3.0 (0.3) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −0.2 | 0.4 |
| Ozonoff et al. (1990)[3] | Sorting | Exp. 2 | 13 | 6.2 (2.1) | 0.7 | 76.0 (20.0) | 13 | 4.1 (1.5) | 0.7 | 114.0 (20.0) | −0.8 | 0.4 |
| Ozonoff et al. (1990)[4] | Matching | Exp. 2 | 13 | 6.2 (2.1) | 0.7 | 76.0 (20.0) | 13 | 4.1 (1.5) | 0.7 | 114.0 (20.0) | −1.2 | 0.4 |
| Davies et al. (1994)[1] | Matching | 10 | 14.9 (1.9) | NA | NA (NA) | 10 | 14.7 (2.1) | NA | NA (NA) | −0.9 | 0.5 | |
| Davies et al. (1994)[2] | Sorting | Viewpoint change | 9 | 14.3 (1.5) | NA | NA (NA) | 11 | 13.9 (1.4) | NA | NA (NA) | −1.1 | 0.5 |
| Davies et al. (1994)[3] | Sorting | Expression change | 9 | 14.3 (1.5) | NA | NA (NA) | 11 | 13.9 (1.4) | NA | NA (NA) | −0.7 | 0.5 |
| Gepner et al. (1996)[2] | Sorting | VM-Control | 7 | 11.2 (4.7) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | 7 | 5.6 (2.4) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | −10.8 | 2.1 |
| Gepner et al. (1996)[4] | Sorting | NVM-Control | 7 | 11.2 (4.7) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | 7 | 5.9 (1.8) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | −14.4 | 2.8 |
| Hauck et al. (1998)[2] | Matching | 24 | 9.6 (1.7) | 1.0 | NA (NA) | 34 | 4.7 (0.8) | 0.5 | NA (NA) | −0.1 | 0.3 | |
| Schultz et al. (2000)[1]* | Same-Different | 14 | 23.8 (12.4) | 1.0 | 109.1 (19.5) | 14 | 21.7 (7.2) | 1.0 | 110.4 (17.2) | −0.5 | 0.4 | |
| Rondan et al. (2003)[1] | Matching | 14 | 10.1 (2.5) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | 14 | 10.1 (2.3) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | −0.5 | 0.4 | |
| Deruelle et al. (2004)[1] | Matching | 11 | 9.2 (2.2) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | 11 | 9.4 (2.3) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | −0.8 | 0.4 | |
| Robel et al. (2004)[1] | Same-Different | Viewpoint change | 14 | 8.2 (1.7) | 0.9 | NA (NA) | 20 | 7.9 (1.3) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | −0.6 | 0.4 |
| Robel et al. (2004)[2] | Same-Different | Expression change | 14 | 8.2 (1.7) | 0.9 | NA (NA) | 20 | 7.9 (1.3) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | −0.9 | 0.4 |
| White et al. (2006)[1] | Benton | 16 | 32.3 (14.2) | 0.6 | 111.8 (15.6) | 24 | 37.8 (12.4) | 0.5 | 115.2 (11.3) | −1.3 | 0.4 | |
| Humphreys et al. (2007)[1] | Benton | 18 | 24.7 (9.0) | 0.9 | 103.9 (16.1) | 7 | 24.4 (6.5) | 1.0 | 110.6 (9.0) | −0.8 | 0.5 | |
| Bookheimer et al. (2008)[1]* | Matching | 12 | 11.3 (4.0) | 1.0 | NA (NA) | 12 | 11.9 (2.4) | 1.0 | NA (NA) | −1.1 | 0.4 | |
| Conturo et al. (2008)[1] | Benton | 17 | 26.5 (11.3) | 0.8 | 104.4 (8.6) | 17 | 26.1 (11.1) | 0.8 | 105.2 (9.7) | −0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Riby et al. (2008)[1] | Matching | VM-Control | 20 | 12.0 (2.8) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 7.5 (1.0) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | −0.4 | 0.3 |
| Riby et al. (2008)[2] | Matching | VMA-Control/Inner face | 20 | 12.0 (2.8) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 7.5 (1.0) | 0.6 | NA (NA) | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Riby et al. (2008)[3] | Matching | NVM-Control | 20 | 12.0 (2.8) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 8.8 (2.5) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −0.4 | 0.3 |
| Riby et al. (2008)[4] | Matching | NVM-Control/Inner face | 20 | 12.0 (2.8) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 8.8 (2.5) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Wallace et al. (2008)[1] | Benton | 26 | 32.0 (9.0) | 0.9 | 101.0 (18.0) | 26 | 31.0 (9.0) | 0.9 | 98.0 (12.0) | −1.0 | 0.3 | |
| Wolf et al. (2008)[2] | Matching | 66 | 11.7 (3.8) | 0.8 | 107.0 (20.5) | 66 | 11.7 (3.0) | 0.6 | 107.0 (8.0) | −1.0 | 0.2 | |
| Wolf et al. (2008)[3] | Matching | PW-Eyes | 66 | 11.9 (4.0) | 0.8 | 106.8 (20.9) | 68 | 11.9 (3.1) | 0.6 | 106.8 (7.8) | −0.8 | 0.2 |
| Wolf et al. (2008)[4] | Matching | PW-Mouth | 66 | 11.9 (4.0) | 0.8 | 106.8 (20.9) | 68 | 11.9 (3.1) | 0.6 | 106.8 (7.8) | −0.3 | 0.2 |
| Anz et al. (2009)[1] | Benton | 16 | 8.4 (1.8) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 25 | 7.2 (2.8) | 0.5 | NA (NA) | −0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Krysko et al. (2009)[1] | Same-Different | 19 | 29.3 (9.4) | 1.0 | 94.8 (12.7) | 19 | 28.6 (6.9) | 1.0 | NA (NA) | −0.6 | 0.3 | |
| Riby et al. (2009)[1] | Matching | Upper face | 20 | 14.8 (2.4) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 14.9 (2.2) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −3.2 | 0.5 |
| Riby et al. (2009)[2] | Matching | Lower face | 20 | 14.8 (2.4) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 14.9 (2.2) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −1.8 | 0.4 |
| Riby et al. (2009)[3] | Matching | Featural change | 20 | 14.8 (2.4) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 14.9 (2.2) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −2.1 | 0.4 |
| Riby et al. (2009)[4] | Matching | Configural change | 20 | 14.8 (2.4) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 14.9 (2.2) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −3.2 | 0.5 |
| Riby et al. (2009)[5] | Matching | PW-Eyes | 20 | 14.8 (2.4) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 14.9 (2.2) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −3.3 | 0.5 |
| Riby et al. (2009)[6] | Matching | PW-Mouth | 20 | 14.8 (2.4) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 20 | 14.9 (2.2) | 0.7 | NA (NA) | −0.9 | 0.3 |
| Phillip et al. (2010)[1] | Benton | 23 | 32.5 (10.9) | 0.7 | 101.5 (18.5) | 23 | 32.4 (11.1) | 0.7 | 112.2 (8.5) | −0.7 | 0.3 | |
| Rosset et al. (2010)[1] | Same-Different | 17 | 10.5 (2.8) | 0.8 | 93.0 (16.0) | 17 | 10.5 (2.7) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | −0.1 | 0.3 | |
| Wilson et al. (2010b)[1] | Matching | 21 | 10.2 (2.3) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 21 | 7.3 (1.7) | NA | NA (NA) | −0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Leord et al. (2011)[1] | Benton | 17 | 10.3 (2.4) | 0.9 | NA (NA) | 36 | 11.4 (2.6) | 0.5 | NA (NA) | −1.2 | 0.3 | |
| McPartland et al. (2011a)[1] | Benton | 36 | 11.2 (3.4) | 0.9 | 105.2 (17.3) | 17 | 12.6 (2.4) | 0.9 | 112.9 (13.4) | −1.0 | 0.3 | |
| Uono et al. (2011)[1] | Benton | 28 | 17.6 (5.2) | 0.8 | 103.3 (13.1) | 28 | 18.0 (4.0) | 0.9 | NA (NA) | −0.8 | 0.3 | |
| Tehrani-Doost et al. (2012)[1] | Benton | 15 | 12.8 (3.2) | NA | 99.0 (11.9) | 15 | 10.5 (3.0) | NA | 113.5 (8.3) | −0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Webb et al. (2012)[1] | Benton | 32 | 23.1 (6.9) | 0.9 | 111.3 (13.9) | 32 | 23.7 (6.7) | 0.9 | 110 (12.8) | −0.8 | 0.3 | |
| Fein et al. (2013)[1] | Benton | 43 | NA (NA) | NA | NA (NA) | 33 | NA (NA) | NA | NA (NA) | −0.7 | 0.2 | |
| O'Brien et al. (2014)[1] | Benton | 14 | 33.9 (NA) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 14 | 31.1 (NA) | 0.5 | NA (NA) | −0.4 | 0.4 | |
| Sachse et al. (2014)[1] | Benton | 22 | 20.9 (5.6) | 0.8 | 100.1 (13.3) | 20 | 20.1 (3.8) | 0.8 | 105.4 (10.5) | −1.3 | 0.3 | |
| Dimitriou et al. (2015)[1] | Benton | 16 | 8.4 (1.8) | 0.8 | NA (NA) | 25 | 7.2 (2.8) | 0.5 | NA (NA) | −0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Herrington et al. (2015)[1] | Benton | 12 | 13.4 (4.2) | NA | 108.8 (14.8) | 19 | 13.4 (3.5) | NA | 114.8 (10.8) | −1.1 | 0.4 | |
| Herrington et al. (2016)[1]* | Same-Different | 81 | 12.5 (2.6) | 0.8 | 101.0 (23.0) | 67 | 12.5 (2.7) | 0.7 | 115 (16.1) | −0.8 | 0.2 | |
| Neil et al. (2016)[1] | Sorting | 32 | 11.1 (2.6) | 0.8 | 98.6 (14.8) | 32 | 10.6 (2.2) | 0.6 | 101.5 (11.4) | 0.0 | 0.3 | |
| Rigby et al. (2018)[1] | Same-Different | 16 | 27.8 (7.8) | 0.7 | 106.3 (10.8) | 16 | 27.3 (7.5) | 0.7 | 113.4 (8.7) | −3.5 | 0.6 | |
| Yerys et al. (2018)[1] | Benton | 33 | 14.9 (1.7) | 1.0 | 94.0 (20.0) | 25 | 14.9 (1.7) | 1.0 | 123.0 (18.0) | −0.4 | 0.3 | |
| Yeung et al. (2019)[1] | Benton | 22 | 14.4 (2.2) | 0.9 | 104.2 (15.6) | 22 | 14.3 (1.8) | 0.7 | 106.7 (12.9) | −0.9 | 0.3 | |
Note. Study authors are denoted by the first author, year, and unique effect size identifier in brackets. For studies with multiple effect sizes, the ES description column differentiates multiple effect sizes. For descriptive statistics, NA indicate data was not available in the article. VM-Control = Verbal-matched control group; NVM-Control = Nonverbal -matched control group; PW-Eyes = Parts/Whole task identity change of eyes; PW-Mouth = Parts/Whole task identity change of mouth; ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder, TD = typically developing, Benton = Benton Face Recognition Test, Sex = % male; g = standardized effect size (Hedge’s g); se = standard error.
*
indicates that the outcome measure was collected either in the MRI scanner, or during eye-tracking.