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. 2022 Feb 9;12(2):278. doi: 10.3390/biom12020278

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Interventions targeting MVD in HFpEF. The effects of different pharmacological interventions (blue) on the NO-sGC-cGMP-PKG pathway in MVD in HFpEF. ROS causes impaired NO bio-availability, subsequently disturbing the downstream signalling. The entire pathway offers different targets for therapy. cGMP, Cyclic guanosine monophosphate; EC, endothelial cell; Fpassive, passive force; NO, nitric oxide; NO₂⁻, nitrite; NP, natriuretic peptides; NPRA, Natriuretic peptide Receptor Type A; O₂⁻, superoxide; ONOO⁻, peroxynitrite; PDE-i, phosphodiesterase inhibitors; PKG, protein kinase G; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase; SGLT2-i, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; SMC, smooth muscle cell.