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Potential modes of action of hMOS against SARS-CoV-2. (a) HMOS molecular structures are analogous to HBGAs and act as receptor decoys to block viral entry. (b) HMOS induce local defense and immumomodulation. (c) HMOS attenuate TLR4-mediated signaling pathways to maintain mucosal homeostasis. (d) HMOS mitigate gut dysbiosis and restore healthy gut microbiota in long-COVID.
