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. 2022 Mar 29;237:108991. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108991

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© 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 1 — A paucity of activated CD8+ T cells and infiltration of SLAMF7+ Granzyme B+ CD4+ T cells in the lungs in severe COVID-19

(A) Representative multi-color immunofluorescence images of CD8 (red), GZMB (green) and DAPI (blue) staining in a lung from a COVID (COV) -19 patient. Arrows indicate GZMB expressing CD8+ T cells. (B) Absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells (left) and GZMB+CD8+ T cells (right) in lungs from early (purple) (n = 8) and late (blue) (n = 8) COV-19 and non-COVID-19 (non-COV-19) patients (green) (n = 6). (C) Representative multi-color immunofluorescence images of CD8 (red), PD1 (green) and DAPI (blue) staining in a lung from a COV-19 patient. Arrows indicate PD1+ CD8+ T cells. (D) Absolute numbers and relative proportions of PD1 + CD8+ T cells in lungs from early (purple) (n = 8) and late (blue) (n = 8) COV-19 and non-COV-19 patients (green) (n = 6). (E) Representative multi-color immunofluorescence images of CD4 (red), SLAMF7 (purple), GZMB (green) and DAPI (blue) staining in a lung from a COV-19 patient. Arrows indicate GZMB+ SLAMF7+ CD4 + CTLs. (F) Absolute numbers of GZMB+ SLAMF7+ CD4+ T cells in lungs from early (purple) (n = 8) and late (blue) (n = 8) COV-19 and non-COV-19 patients (green) (n = 6). (G) Absolute numbers of GZMB+ SLAMF7+ CD4 + CTLs (purple) and GZMB+ CD8+ T cells (blue) in lungs from early (left) (n = 8) and late (middle) (n = 8) COV-19 patients and non-COV-19 patients (right) (n = 6). Multiple comparisons are controlled for by Kruskal-Wallis test. P values are calculated by paired t-test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)