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. 2022 Mar 27;22:139. doi: 10.1186/s12935-022-02553-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Application of peptides in the field of active and passive targeting. Tumor tissue has certain properties that can be used for target treatment, and peptides are a good choice for targeted treatment due to their small size and potential for manipulation and engineering. Their small size will be effective in the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect (passive targeting), and different peptides can bind to different cell surface receptors or be used against targets in the extracellular matrix (ECM) or in intracellular organelles