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. 2022 Mar 28;10:41. doi: 10.1186/s40478-022-01345-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — VZ disruption in a myelomeningocele case complicated with hydrocephalus. a Panoramic view of a coronal section of the parietooccipital area labeled with anti-AQP4. b Magnification of the square in a. Asterisks indicate areas of VZ disruption. c Magnification of the square in b. Arrow points to AQP4 expression lining the ventricle. Asterisk marks the area of disruption, showing characteristic protrusion toward the ventricle, without AQP4 expression lining the ventricle. d Slide stained in parallel with c for GFAP. Asterisk marks VZ disruption. Arrowhead marks cellular expression of GFAP. e Confocal microscopy of a slide stained in parallel with b for AQP4 (red) and GFAP (green). AQP4 is expressed along the lining of the ventricle (arrows) but not in the areas of VZ disruption (asterisk), where GFAP expression is dominant (arrowheads). f–h Detail of the VZ showing that AQP4-positive glial radial cells (arrows) are not present in areas of VZ disruption. CC, corpus callosum; CP, cortical plate; Fo, fornix; IZ, intermediate zone; LV, lateral ventricle; VZ, ventricular zone. Scale bar: a 500 µm; b 160 µm; c–h = 80 µm