Table 2.
Differences between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic participants with diabetes
| Participants with diabetes (n = 315) | Non sarcopenic (n = 274) | Sarcopenic (n = 41) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 80.0 (6.0) | 79.0 (6.0) | 83.0 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 146 (46.3) | 128 (46.7) | 18 (43.9) | 0.736 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 73 (23.2) | 63 (23.0) | 10 (24.4) | 0.843 |
| Education, years | 10.0 (5.0) | 10.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (6.5) | 0.013 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 276 (87.6) | 245 (89.4) | 31 (75.6) | 0.012 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 26 (8.3) | 22 (8.0) | 4 (9.8) | 0.708 |
| Hip fracture, n (%) | 14 (4.4) | 11 (4.0) | 3 (7.3) | 0.339 |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 74 (23.5) | 61 (22.3) | 13 (31.7) | 0.183 |
| Parkinson, n (%) | 12 (3.8) | 9 (3.3) | 3 (7.3) | 0.208 |
| At least 1 BADL dependent (intensive assistance or dependent), n (%) | 20 (6.3) | 16 (5.8) | 4 (9.8) | 0.337 |
| IADL score | 4.0 (12.0) | 4.0 (11.0) | 9.0 (16.0) | < 0.001 |
| At least 1 IADL dependent (intensive assistance or dependent), n (%) | 160 (50.8) | 131 (47.8) | 29 (70.7) | 0.006 |
| MMSE adjusted score | 28.0 (2.7) | 28.0 (2.4) | 27.0 (5.2) | 0.117 |
| MMSE adjusted < 24, n (%) | 33 (10.5) | 23 (8.4) | 10 (24.4) | 0.002 |
| GDS score | 2.0 (2.3) | 2.0 (3.0) | 2.0 (3.0) | 0.471 |
| GDS > 5, n (%) | 36 (11.5) | 32 (11.7) | 4 (9.8) | 0.713 |
| CIRS-G total score | 10.0 (7.0) | 10.0 (7.0) | 10.0 (7.0) | 0.721 |
| CIRS-G severity index | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.5) | 0.793 |
| Number of current medications | 9.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.3) | 9.0 (4.0) | 0.532 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.832 |
| BIS eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 48.3 (22.2) | 48.6 (22.0) | 46.2 (29.0) | 0.877 |
| ≥ 90 | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.845 |
| 60–89 | 74 (23.5) | 62 (22.6) | 12 (29.3) | |
| 45–59 | 106 (33.7) | 94 (34.3) | 12 (29.3) | |
| 30–44 | 99 (31.4) | 87 (31.8) | 12 (29.3) | |
| < 30 | 34 (10.8) | 29 (10.6) | 5 (12.2) | |
| ≥ 60 | 76 (24.1) | 64 (23.4) | 12 (29.3) | 0.409 |
| < 60 | 239 (75.9) | 210 (76.6) | 29 (70.7) | |
| ACR, mg/g | 21.0 (80.0) | 19.4 (79.0) | 35.9 (213.0) | 0.091 |
| < 30 | 180 (57.1) | 162 (59.1) | 18 (43.9) | 0.132 |
| 30–300 | 91 (28.9) | 77 (28.1) | 14 (34.1) | |
| > 300 | 44 (14.0) | 35 (12.8) | 9 (22.0) | |
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.0 (0.6) | 0.879 |
| Fasting plasma Glucose, mg/dl | 106.0 (133.0) | 106.0 (132.0) | 105.0 (140.0) | 0.809 |
| Hemoglobin A1c % | 6.5 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.6) | 6.4 (1.2) | 0.773 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 155.0 (193.0) | 158.0 (194.0) | 135.0 (178.0) | 0.542 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 94.0 (141.0) | 96.0 (142.0) | 79.5 (113.0) | 0.350 |
| Vitamin D, ng/mL | 26.1 (27.0) | 25.7 (26.0) | 32.5 (34.0) | 0.519 |
| DM therapy | ||||
| Insulin, n (%) | 96 (30.6) | 84 (30.7) | 12 (30.0) | 0.933 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 172 (54.8) | 150 (54.7) | 22 (55.0) | 0.976 |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 67 (21.3) | 60 (21.9) | 7 (17.5) | 0.526 |
| DPP4-I, n (%) | 14 (4.5) | 10 (3.6) | 4 (10.0) | 0.069 |
| SGLT2, n (%) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.588 |
| GLP-1 RAs, n (%) | 4 (1.3) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.442 |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Height, cm | 164.5 (23.0) | 165.1 (15.0) | 158.5 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 77.5 (19.0) | 79.9 (17.0) | 60.7 (12.0) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.6 (4.0) | 29.1 (5.1) | 26.3 (4.6) | < 0.001 |
| BIA parameters | ||||
| FFM, percentage | 68.0 (12.8) | 68.0 (13.8) | 69.0 (18.0) | 0.071 |
| FFM, kg | 51.9 (16.0) | 53.6 (17.2) | 42.6 (19.0) | < 0.001 |
| FFMI, kg/m2 | 19.3 (3.1) | 19.6 (3.3) | 18.1 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| FM, percentage | 32.0 (12.8) | 32.0 (13.8) | 31.0 (8.1) | 0.082 |
| FM, kg | 24.3 (11.8) | 26.0 (12.1) | 20.0 (7.6) | < 0.001 |
| FMI, kg/m2 | 9.3 (5.1) | 9.5 (5.4) | 8.1 (3.4) | 0.002 |
| ASM, percentage | 0.25 (0.05) | 0.25 (0.05) | 0.25 (0.05) | 0.919 |
| ASM, kg | 19.5 (6.6) | 20.6 (6.3) | 16.4 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
| ASMI, kg/m2 | 7.3 (1.4) | 7.4 (1.5) | 6.4 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Grip strength, kg | 24.0 (13.0) | 24.0 (13.0) | 24.0 (13.0) | 0.655 |
| SPPB score | 9.0 (5.0) | 9.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) | 0.025 |
| SPPB Balance | 4.0 (2.0) | 4.0 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.0) | 0.101 |
| SPPB Gait Speed | 3.0 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.0) | 0.092 |
Continuous variables are expressed as median and interquartile difference. Abbreviations; ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, ADL activities of daily living, ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass, ASMI appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIS Berlin Initiative Study, BMI body mass index, CIRS-G cumulative illness rating scale for geriatrics, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiological Collaboration, DM diabetes mellitus, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FAS Full Age Spectrum, FFM fat-free mass, FFMI fat-free mass index, FM fat mass, FMI fat mass index, GDS geriatric depression scale, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, MMSE mini mental state examination, SSPB short physical performance battery, DPP4-I dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 RAs glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists