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. 2022 Feb 13;10(2):436. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020436

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of gut microbiota on metabolic byproducts of dopamine. (1) Coprococcus comes and Coprococcus catus are strongly associated with DOPAC synthesis potential [95]. (2) Clostridium tetani has degradative effects on dopamine, promoting degradation into HVA via the DOPAC intermediate [96]. (3) Lactobacillus rhamnsosus downregulates MAO [97]. (4) Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 downregulates Dopamine β-hydroxylase [93]. (5) Clostridia species shown to downregulate Dopamine β-hydroxylase [98]. (6) Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 administration improves dopamine metabolism and increases norepinephrine levels [92]. Abbreviations: MAO, monoamine oxidase; DOPAC, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HVA, homovanillic acid.