Figure 4.

Effect of adjunctive gemcitabine pretreatment at sub-clinical dose in combination with freezing on PaCa cell survival. Samples were pre-treated with 10, 50, or 100 nM gemcitabine for 48 h and drug removed prior to freezing to −15 °C. Sample viability was compared to freezing and gemcitabine treatment alone. Data reveal a significant improvement in cell death following the combination of 50 and 100 nM gemcitabine and −15 °C, whereas 10 nM gemcitabine and −15 °C samples showed no benefit. Importantly, the combination of 100 nM gemcitabine and −15 °C yielded complete cell death by day 7 (@, #, $, %, &, *, +, Ø = p < 0.01).