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Upregulated expression of adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines after BCAS (NT [normal type]: control group, VD [vascular dementia]: BCAS [bilateral carotid artery stenosis] model group) (A–E) Relative mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, Mcp-1, Ccr2, and VCAM-1. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.001. The results are presented as mean values and the error bars standard deviations.
