Table 2.

Clinical trials of immunotherapeutic interventions involved in PD management.

Therapeutic Class	Agent	Target/Mode of Action	Clinical Trial ID	Stage	Status
Immunomodulatory	GM-CSF	Enhances Treg quantity and functionality, with no impact on the levels of effector T (Teff) cells	NCT03790670	Phase Ib	Recruiting
	LBT36	Increases Treg abundance and performance, decreases microglial activation by altering Th1/Th17 cytokine responses	Not available	Not available	Not available
Active immunization	PD01A	C-terminal α-Syn mimicking peptide vaccination	NCT02618941	Phase I	Completed
	PD03A	C-terminal α-Syn mimicking peptide vaccination	NCT02267434	Phase I	Completed
	pVAX1-IL-4/ SYN-B	A nucleic acid vaccine that increases antibody titers against α-Syn	Not available	Not available	Not available
Passive immunotherapy	Prasinezumab	A humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeted towards C-terminal epitopes on α-Syn	NCT04777331	Phase IIb	Recruiting
	BIIB054	A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against N-terminal α-Syn aggregate species	NCT03318523	Phase II	Terminated
	Lu AF82422	A humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody targeting the C-terminal of α-Syn	NCT03611569	Phase I	Completed
	ABBV-0805	A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting α-Syn oligomeric and protofibrillar α-Syn species	NCT04127695	Phase I	Withdrawn

Treg: regulatory T cells, Th: T helper, IgG1: immunoglobulin G1, α-Syn: alpha-synuclein.